ESTUDIO DEL CAPÍTULO
Wisdom 2 — Holofernes' Campaign Against the West
Nebuchadnezzar commissions Holofernes to punish the nations of the west, and the Assyrian campaign sweeps through the region leaving fear in its wake before reaching the borders of Israel.
Escritura
- 1.The Expedition against the West In the eighteenth year, on the twenty-second day of the first month, there was talk in the palace of Nebuchadnez′zar king of the Assyrians about carrying out his revenge on the whole region, just as he said.
- 2.He called together all his officers and all his nobles and set forth to them his secret plan and recounted fully, with his own lips, all the wickedness of the region;
- 3.and it was decided that every one who had not obeyed his command should be destroyed.
- 4.When he had finished setting forth his plan, Nebuchadnez′zar king of the Assyrians called Holofer′nes, the chief general of his army, second only to himself, and said to him,
- 5.“Thus says the Great King, the lord of the whole earth: When you leave my presence, take with you men confident in their strength, to the number of one hundred and twenty thousand foot soldiers and twelve thousand cavalry.
- 6.Go and attack the whole west country, because they disobeyed my orders.
- 7.Tell them to prepare earth and water, for I am coming against them in my anger, and will cover the whole face of the earth with the feet of my armies, and will hand them over to be plundered by my troops,
- 8.till their wounded shall fill their valleys, and every brook and river shall be filled with their dead, and overflow;
- 9.and I will lead them away captive to the ends of the whole earth.
- 10.You shall go and seize all their territory for me in advance. They will yield themselves to you, and you shall hold them for me till the day of their punishment.
- 11.But if they refuse, your eye shall not spare and you shall hand them over to slaughter and plunder throughout your whole region.
- 12.For as I live, and by the power of my kingdom, what I have spoken my hand will execute.
- 13.And you—take care not to transgress any of your sovereign’s commands, but be sure to carry them out just as I have ordered you; and do not delay about it.”
- 14.Campaign of Holofernes So Holofer′nes left the presence of his master, and called together all the commanders, generals, and officers of the Assyrian army,
- 15.and mustered the picked troops by divisions as his lord had ordered him to do, one hundred and twenty thousand of them, together with twelve thousand archers on horseback,
- 16.and he organized them as a great army is marshaled for a campaign.
- 17.He collected a vast number of camels and asses and mules for transport, and innumerable sheep and oxen and goats for provision;
- 18.also plenty of food for every man, and a huge amount of gold and silver from the royal palace.
- 19.So he set out with his whole army, to go ahead of King Nebuchadnez′zar and to cover the whole face of the earth to the west with their chariots and horsemen and picked troops of infantry.
- 20.Along with them went a mixed crowd like a swarm of locusts, like the dust of the earth—a multitude that could not be counted.
- 21.They marched for three days from Nin′eveh to the plain of Becti′leth, and camped opposite Becti′leth near the mountain which is to the north of Upper Cili′cia.
- 22.From there Holofer′nes took his whole army, his infantry, cavalry, and chariots, and went up into the hill country
- 23.and ravaged Put and Lud, and plundered all the people of Rassis and the Ish′maelites who lived along the desert, south of the country of the Chel′leans.
- 24.Then he followed the Euphra′tes and passed through Mesopota′mia and destroyed all the hilltop cities along the brook Abron, as far as the sea.
- 25.He also seized the territory of Cili′cia, and killed every one who resisted him, and came to the southern borders of Japheth, fronting toward Arabia.
- 26.He surrounded all the Mid′ianites, and burned their tents and plundered their sheepfolds.
- 27.Then he went down into the plain of Damas′cus during the wheat harvest, and burned all their fields and destroyed their flocks and herds and sacked their cities and ravaged their lands and put to death all their young men with the edge of the sword.
- 28.So fear and terror of him fell upon all the people who lived along the seacoast, at Sidon and Tyre, and those who lived in Sur and Oci′na and all who lived in Jam′nia. Those who lived in Azo′tus and As′calon feared him exceedingly.
Qué significa este pasaje
Chapter 2 reads as the military prelude to the book of Judith. It has two clearly labeled sections: 'The Expedition against the West' (vv. 1–13), in which Nebuchadnezzar issues his orders, and 'Campaign of Holofernes' (vv. 14–28), which narrates their execution. The chapter names no specific sin for the targeted peoples beyond disobedience — 'they disobeyed my orders' (v. 6) — and frames the campaign as a punitive sweep carried out by decree of a self-styled 'Great King, the lord of the whole earth' (v. 5), a title that already hints at the theological challenge posed in the rest of the book.
The scale of the operation is conveyed through large round figures: one hundred and twenty thousand foot soldiers, twelve thousand cavalry, countless transport animals, and provisions drawn from the royal treasury (vv. 15, 17–18). The description of the accompanying rabble as 'a swarm of locusts' or 'the dust of the earth' (v. 20) establishes the army as an almost natural disaster, an unstoppable tide. The advance itself is traced through recognizable geography — from Nineveh through Cilicia, Put, Lud, Mesopotamia, down to Damascus and the Mediterranean coast (vv. 21–28) — moving the reader toward Israel from chapter 3 onward.
Verses 1–12 set the moral tone. The king swears by his own life and by 'the power of my kingdom' that his hand will execute his word (v. 12), and the commander is warned not to 'transgress' the sovereign's commands (v. 13). This concentration on human power and obedience prepares the contrast that the rest of the book will draw between the self-exalting empire and the God worshiped by Judith and her people.
Contexto
The chapter stands at the opening of the Judith narrative: the title 'Expedition against the West' presupposes an immediate prior setting, and 'Campaign of Holofernes' introduces the army whose assault on Israel Judith will resist. The closing line — that fear fell upon Sidon, Tyre, Sur, Ocina, Jamnia, Azotus, and Ascalon (v. 28) — leaves the campaign advancing toward the remaining coastal peoples and, by implication, toward Judea.
The provided material itself describes no geographic, historical, or liturgical background beyond the names and routes recorded in verses 1–28, the self-designation of Nebuchadnezzar, and the sweeping simile of v. 20. Any further identification of the peoples or cities listed (such as Put, Lud, or Rassis) lies outside what the supplied text and notes state.
Preguntas frecuentes
Why does Nebuchadnezzar call himself 'king of the Assyrians' and 'lord of the whole earth'?
Within the book of Judith itself, these are the titles the text puts on his lips (vv. 5, 12). The chapter does not explain or defend them; it simply records the king's own self-designation, leaving the reader to judge how it stands against the God introduced later in the story.
What is the structure of Wisdom 2?
Two labeled sections divide the chapter: 'The Expedition against the West' (vv. 1–13) presents Nebuchadnezzar's commission of Holofernes, and 'Campaign of Holofernes' (vv. 14–28) narrates the army's march through Cilicia, Mesopotamia, and into the coastal territories near Judea.
Why is the army compared to a swarm of locusts?
Verse 20 describes the mixed crowd accompanying the Assyrian force as 'like a swarm of locusts, like the dust of the earth — a multitude that could not be counted.' In its own context the simile conveys overwhelming numbers and an almost natural, unstoppable force rather than a moral judgment.