章节研读

路得记 1 — 回归与忠诚

在士师时代，饥荒迫使以利米勒和拿俄米迁往摩押，家中的男子相继去世；拿俄米带着路得返回，路得以对拿俄米之民与神的忠诚誓言奠定了全书余下部分的框架。

经文

1.當士師秉政的時候，國中遭遇饑荒。在猶大、伯利恆，有一個人帶著妻子和兩個兒子往摩押地去寄居。And it came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Beth-lehem-judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.
2.這人名叫以利米勒，他的妻名叫拿俄米；他兩個兒子，一個名叫瑪倫，一個名叫基連，都是猶大的伯利恆的以法他人。他們到了摩押地，就住在那裡。And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Beth-lehem-judah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there.
3.後來拿俄米的丈夫以利米勒死了，剩下婦人和他兩個兒子。And Elimelech, Naomi's husband, died; and she was left, and her two sons.
4.這兩個兒子娶了摩押女子為妻，一個名叫俄珥巴，一個名叫路得，在那裡住了約有十年。And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelt there about ten years.
5.瑪倫和基連二人也死了，剩下拿俄米，沒有丈夫，也沒有兒子。And Mahlon and Chilion died both of them; and the woman was left of her two children and of her husband.
6.他就與兩個兒婦起身，要從摩押地歸回；因為他在摩押地聽見耶和華眷顧自己的百姓，賜糧食與他們。Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that Jehovah had visited his people in giving them bread.
7.於是他和兩個兒婦起行離開所住的地方，要回猶大地去。And she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah.
8.拿俄米對兩個兒婦說：你們各人回娘家去罷。願耶和華恩待你們，像你們恩待已死的人與我一樣！And Naomi said unto her two daughters-in-law, Go, return each of you to her mother's house: Jehovah deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me.
9.願耶和華使你們各在新夫家中得平安！於是拿俄米與他們親嘴。他們就放聲而哭，Jehovah grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voice, and wept.
10.說：不然，我們必與你一同回你本國去。And they said unto her, Nay, but we will return with thee unto thy people.
11.拿俄米說：我女兒們哪，回去罷！為何要跟我去呢？我還能生子作你們的丈夫麼？And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? have I yet sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?
12.我女兒們哪，回去罷！我年紀老邁，不能再有丈夫；即或說，我還有指望，今夜有丈夫可以生子，Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should even have a husband to-night, and should also bear sons;
13.你們豈能等著他們長大呢？你們豈能等著他們不嫁別人呢？我女兒們哪，不要這樣。我為你們的緣故甚是愁苦，因為耶和華伸手攻擊我。would ye therefore tarry till they were grown? would ye therefore stay from having husbands? nay, my daughters, for it grieveth me much for your sakes, for the hand of Jehovah is gone forth against me.
14.兩個兒婦又放聲而哭，俄珥巴與婆婆親嘴而別，只是路得捨不得拿俄米。And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth clave unto her.
15.拿俄米說：看哪，你嫂子已經回他本國和他所拜的神那裡去了，你也跟著你嫂子回去罷！And she said, Behold, thy sister-in-law is gone back unto her people, and unto her god: return thou after thy sister-in-law.
16.路得說：不要催我回去不跟隨你。你往哪裡去，我也往那裡去；你在哪裡住宿，我也在那裡住宿；你的國就是我的國，你的　神就是我的　神。And Ruth said, Entreat me not to leave thee, and to return from following after thee, for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God;
17.你在哪裡死，我也在那裡死，也葬在那裡。除非死能使你我相離！不然，願耶和華重重地降罰與我。where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: Jehovah do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me.
18.拿俄米見路得定意要跟隨自己去，就不再勸他了。And when she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, she left off speaking unto her.
19.於是二人同行，來到伯利恆。他們到了伯利恆，合城的人就都驚訝。婦女們說：這是拿俄米麼？So they two went until they came to Beth-lehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Beth-lehem, that all the city was moved about them, and the women said, Is this Naomi?
20.拿俄米對他們說：不要叫我拿俄米（就是甜的意思），要叫我瑪拉（就是苦的意思），因為全能者使我受了大苦。And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara; for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me.
21.我滿滿地出去，耶和華使我空空地回來。耶和華降禍與我，全能者使我受苦。既是這樣，你們為何還叫我拿俄米呢？I went out full, and Jehovah hath brought me home again empty; why call ye me Naomi, seeing Jehovah hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?
22.拿俄米和他兒婦摩押女子路得，從摩押地回來到伯利恆，正是動手割大麥的時候。So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Beth-lehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

这段经文的意思

路得记 1 以一个时间标记开篇——“士师秉政的时代”——将故事置于希伯来圣经其余部分所描绘的政治与灵性皆不稳定的时期之中。随之而来的饥荒是叙事的触发点，它将一个家庭从犹大的伯利恒拉入摩押——死海以东的一块异域领土。这次迁移引入了全书反复出现的张力：以色列与周边列国之间，以及在外寻求安全与在家归属之间。

中间部分（第6–18节）围绕发言与对答展开。拿俄米听说“耶和华眷顾他的百姓，赐粮食给他们”，便决定返回。她三次劝说儿媳留下以考验她们的忠诚，两位女子作出了不同的回应：俄珥巴回到“她的民、她的神”那里，而路得则紧紧跟随拿俄米。拿俄米自称“玛拉”（意为“苦”），将她的归途描绘成丧夫失子之后的空缺之旅，唯有这位不愿离开的年轻女子支撑着她前行。

路得在第16–17节所发的誓言是本章的枢纽。重复出现的句式“你往哪里去，我也往哪里去……你在哪里住宿，我也在哪里住宿”是一种誓约格式：它将路得绑定于拿俄米的民、拿俄米的神，甚至拿俄米的葬处。本章结尾的画面——在大麦收割之初抵达伯利恒——预示了第2至4章中将要发生的供应。

背景

本章处于路得记全书之中，并依赖于它所引入的名字：以利米勒（拿俄米将其名字解释为“神是王”，与其所经历的丧失形成对比）、拿俄米（意为“甜美”）、玛伦与基连，以及摩押籍的妻子俄珥巴与路得。在路得记内部，本章与路得记 2:11–12 相呼应，在那里，波阿斯对路得叙述“你向你的婆婆所行的一切”，并祝福她逃到以色列神的“翅膀”之下——直接回响了1:16中她的誓言。路得记 3:1 则承接拿俄米对“安息之所”的关切，沿用了1:9中“安息”的用语。

开篇之语“士师秉政的时代”刻意呼应士师记的框架。本章的标题将这段历程概括为“回归与忠诚”，而这正是本章上下两半所具体呈现的内容：拿俄米身体上回归犹大，以及路得在圣约意义上归于拿俄米的神。

原文关键词

H8199 希伯来语词根 shaphat（H8199），此处译作“秉政/治理”，构成本章开头的时间标记（“士师秉政之时”），并指明了那种其不稳定性构成全书背景的职任。此注释沿循第1节所用的“治理/统治”义，而非宣告判决的司法义。
H7458 名词 ra'av（H7458），意为“饥荒”，在以色列历史中反复出现，作为圣约失序的记号。它在路得记 1 开篇便出现，将这一家人迁往摩押置于与亚伯拉罕下埃及（创12:10）及以撒迁往基拉耳（创26:1）同类压力之下。
H1481 动词 gur（H1481），意为“寄居”，标示居住于某地而不具其公民权或土地权者。以利米勒迁往摩押即以此动词描述，暗示这家人在长达十年的停留中始终是外人。

常见问题

本章为何以“士师秉政的时代”开篇？

这一短语是有意的框架，将路得记与士师记联系起来。它告诉读者，这个故事发生在一个已被其前后文本刻画为动荡不安的时期，因此路得记 1 中的事件应放在这一背景下阅读，而非孤立看待。

拿俄米为何劝说她的儿媳离去？

拿俄米在第8–13节中给出了三个理由：她希望年轻女子们能在新丈夫的家中寻得“安息”；她没有儿子可以经由叔娶之礼迎娶她们；她视自己正处于“耶和华”积极的审判之下——因此她相信留在她身边会害了她们。故此，她的劝说出于牧者般的关怀，而非拒人于千里。

路得在第16–17节所发的誓言何以与众不同？

这一誓言超越了通常意义上的陪伴承诺：它明确地将路得转移至拿俄米的民，将拿俄米的神认作她自己的神，并将她甚至绑定于拿俄米的葬处。结尾的咒诅格式（“耶和华如此待我，并且加倍待我，若有什么能使你我之间的隔绝而非死亡”，）标志着这段话语乃是一段誓言，而非一时的感怀。

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路得记 1 — 回归与忠诚

经文

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背景

原文关键词

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