BIBLE CHAPTER STUDY
Genesis 31 — Jacob's Flight from Laban
Jacob, prompted by the Lord, gathers his wives and flocks and flees Paddan-aram for Canaan; Laban pursues him but is warned by God in a dream not to harm Jacob; after searching in vain for his household gods, the two make a covenant at Gilead.
Scripture
1And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father's; and of that which was our father's hath he gotten all this glory.
2And Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was not toward him as beforetime.
3And Jehovah said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee.
4And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock,
5and said unto them, I see your father's countenance, that it is not toward me as beforetime; but the God of my father hath been with me.
6And ye know that with all my power I have served your father.
7And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not to hurt me.
8If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the flock bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstreaked shall be thy wages; then bare all the flock ringstreaked.
9Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given them to me.
10And it came to pass at the time that the flock conceive, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the he-goats which leaped upon the flock were ringstreaked, speckled, and grizzled.
11And the angel of God said unto me in the dream, Jacob: and I said, Here am I.
12And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see: all the he-goats which leap upon the flock are ringstreaked, speckled, and grizzled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.
13I am the God of Beth-el, where thou anointedst a pillar, where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land of thy nativity.
14And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's house?
15Are we not accounted by him as foreigners? for he hath sold us, and hath also quite devoured our money.
16For all the riches which God hath taken away from our father, that is ours and our children's: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do.
17Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon the camels;
18and he carried away all his cattle, and all his substance which he had gathered, the cattle of his getting, which he had gathered in Paddan-aram, to go to Isaac his father unto the land of Canaan.
19Now Laban was gone to shear his sheep: and Rachel stole the teraphim that were her father's.
20And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled.
21So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over the River, and set his face toward the mountain of Gilead.
22And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled.
23And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven days' journey; and he overtook him in the mountain of Gilead.
24And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream of the night, and said unto him, Take heed to thyself that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.
25And Laban came up with Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mountain: and Laban with his brethren encamped in the mountain of Gilead.
26And Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters as captives of the sword?
27Wherefore didst thou flee secretly, and steal away from me, and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with mirth and with songs, with tabret and with harp;
28and didst not suffer me to kiss my sons and my daughters? now hast thou done foolishly.
29It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take heed to thyself that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.
30And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods?
31And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Lest thou shouldest take thy daughters from me by force.
32With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, he shall not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them.
33And Laban went into Jacob's tent, and into Leah's tent, and into the tent of the two maid-servants; but he found them not. And he went out of Leah's tent, and entered into Rachel's tent.
34Now Rachel had taken the teraphim, and put them in the camel's saddle, and sat upon them. And Laban felt about all the tent, but found them not.
35And she said to her father, Let not my lord be angry that I cannot rise up before thee; for the manner of women is upon me. And he searched, but found not the teraphim.
36And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast hotly pursued after me?
37Whereas thou hast felt about all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? Set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us two.
38These twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flocks have I not eaten.
39That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by day or stolen by night.
40Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep fled from mine eyes.
41These twenty years have I been in thy house; I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy flock: and thou hast changed my wages ten times.
42Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the Fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely now hadst thou sent me away empty. God hath seen mine affliction and the labor of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight.
43And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, The daughters are my daughters, and the children are my children, and the flocks are my flocks, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children whom they have borne?
44And now come, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee.
45And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar.
46And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made a heap: and they did eat there by the heap.
47And Laban called it Jegar-saha-dutha: but Jacob called it Galeed.
48And Laban said, This heap is witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed:
49and Mizpah, for he said, Jehovah watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.
50If thou shalt afflict my daughters, and if thou shalt take wives besides my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness betwixt me and thee.
51And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold the pillar, which I have set betwixt me and thee.
52This heap be witness, and the pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me, for harm.
53The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the Fear of his father Isaac.
54And Jacob offered a sacrifice in the mountain, and called his brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night in the mountain.
55And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place.
What this passage means
Jacob acts on the Lord's direct command to return to the land of his fathers (v. 3), and the chapter frames his departure as obedience rather than theft: he tells Rachel and Leah that 'the God of my father hath been with me' (v. 5) and recounts how the Lord overruled Laban's repeated wage changes (vv. 7-9).
Laban's pursuit is halted not by Jacob's stratagem but by a divine nighttime warning: 'Take heed to thyself that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad' (v. 24). This same phrase is echoed in Laban's own mouth in v. 29, showing that Laban acknowledges divine restraint over the dispute.
The resolution is a covenant marked by a stone pillar, a heap, and shared names — Galeed and Mizpah (vv. 45-49). The chapter closes with Laban kissing and blessing his grandchildren and departing, leaving the disputed relationship formally settled and witnessed by 'the Fear of Isaac' (v. 53).
Context
The chapter stands within the Jacob cycle (Genesis 25-36), immediately after the negotiation of wages in Genesis 30 and the birth of Jacob's children by Leah, Rachel, Bilhah, and Zilpah. No background material beyond the chapter itself and the supplied cross-references has been used.
The cross-references supplied (Genesis 28:15, 30:29, and parallels in 1 Samuel 19:13 regarding teraphim) are drawn from within Genesis and elsewhere in the Old Testament, confirming themes of divine accompaniment and household idols that recur in the patriarchal narratives.
Key words in the original
- H3947 Hebrew lemma laqach, 'to take,' used in v. 1 where Laban's sons claim Jacob 'hath taken away all that was our father's.' The same verb recurs for Jacob's departure and for Rachel's taking of the teraphim, giving the chapter a deliberate echo between accusations and actions.
- H3519 Hebrew kabod, rendered 'glory' in v. 1 (KJV) and 'wealth' in the supplied gloss. The verse thus ties the family's accusation to material splendor — Jacob's flocks are framed as stolen honor/wealth.
- H6440 Hebrew paneh, 'face.' Jacob 'beheld the countenance of Laban' (v. 2) and the same noun is used of Laban's face in v. 5. This word family underlies the warning in v. 24 ('speak... good or bad') and the Mizpah invocation (v. 49), tying divine scrutiny to human expressions.
Related verses
- Genesis 28:15 Echoes the Lord's promise to Jacob at Beth-el. The 'I will be with thee' of 28:15 is repeated in 31:3, framing the departure as the fulfillment of the earlier vow at the pillar.
- Genesis 31:29 Laban's own restatement of the divine warning he received in v. 24. The repetition underscores that Laban recognizes God as the true party restraining the conflict.
- Genesis 31:53 Identifies the oath-god as 'the God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor... and the Fear of Isaac.' This titles for deity bracket the covenant and connect it to the patriarchal heritage shared by both families.
Common questions
Why does Jacob leave secretly rather than telling Laban?
According to the chapter itself, Jacob tells Rachel and Leah that he feared Laban would take his daughters from him by force (v. 31). Laban's change of countenance (vv. 2, 5) and the sons' accusation (v. 1) supply the context for that fear.
What are the teraphim that Rachel took?
The chapter only calls them Laban's 'gods' (v. 30) and 'teraphim' (vv. 19, 34-35). The text itself does not describe their form, number, or function; any further identification comes from outside the supplied material and is not used here.
What does the name Mizpah signify in this covenant?
Laban explains the name in v. 49: 'Jehovah watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.' The pillar and heap (Galeed) serve as a physical witness, while Mizpah invokes the Lord as ongoing witness.