多比传 1——族谱、敬虔与被掳

多比自称是拿弗他利支派的虔诚信徒,遵行圣殿的规条,被掳至尼尼微,拒绝食用外邦人的食物,担任王的采购使节,并在西拿基立年间冒死埋葬死者。

多俾亚传

第1章

  1. 1.托比特之子托别尔之子阿尼尔之子阿杜尔之子加比尔的后裔,属于亚希尔的子孙和拿弗他利支派的人,记载如下The book of the acts of Tobit the son of To′biel, son of Anan′iel, son of Ad′uel, son of Gab′ael, of the descendants of As′iel and the tribe of Naph′tali,
  2. 2.在亚述王沙尔马乃瑟在世的日子里,从加利利的拿弗他利的基德西南边的提斯备被掳去的who in the days of Shalmane′ser, king of the Assyrians, was taken into captivity from Thisbe, which is to the south of Kedesh Naph′tali in Galilee above Asher.
  3. 3.托比特的青年和美德生活 我,托比特,一生行走在真理和公义的道路上,对跟随我到亚述地,到尼尼微的兄弟和同胞施行了许多慈善。Tobit’s Youth and Virtuous Life I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and righteousness all the days of my life, and I performed many acts of charity to my brethren and countrymen who went with me into the land of the Assyrians, to Nin′eveh.
  4. 4.当我还在自己的故乡,以色列地,年轻的时候,我祖先拿弗他利的整个支派都离开了耶路撒冷的家。耶路撒冷是从以色列所有的支派中被选中的地方,以色列所有的支派都应该在那里献祭,而且至高者居所的圣殿就是在那里被分别为圣并为所有世世代代永远建立的。Now when I was in my own country, in the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of Naph′tali my forefather deserted the house of Jerusalem. This was the place which had been chosen from among all the tribes of Israel, where all the tribes should sacrifice and where the temple of the dwelling of the Most High was consecrated and established for all generations for ever.
  5. 5.所有叛逆的支派都向巴力小牛献祭,我祖先拿弗他利的家也这样做。All the tribes that joined in apostasy used to sacrifice to the calf Ba′al, and so did the house of Naph′tali my forefather.
  6. 6.但我独自经常往耶路撒冷去守节,因为永远的定例是这样为以色列人所定的。我把初熟的果子和我田产的十分之一,并初剪的羊毛,拿到祭坛前给亚伦的子孙,祭司。But I alone went often to Jerusalem for the feasts, as it is ordained for all Israel by an everlasting decree. Taking the first fruits and the tithes of my produce and the first shearings, I would give these to the priests, the sons of Aaron, at the altar.
  7. 7.我将我的所有财产的十分之一给在耶路撒冷侍奉的利未人之子,另一十分之一我将卖掉,并每年将所得的银子带到耶路撒冷去使用;Of all my produce I would give a tenth to the sons of Levi who ministered at Jerusalem; a second tenth I would sell, and I would go and spend the proceeds each year at Jerusalem;
  8. 8.我要把第三份十分之一给那些我有义务给的人,因为我父亲的母亲德波拉曾经命令我这样做,因为我父亲把我遗弃为孤儿。the third tenth I would give to those to whom it was my duty, as Deb′orah my father’s mother had commanded me, for I was left an orphan by my father.
  9. 9.我长大成人后,娶了我们家族的安娜为妻,通过她,我成为托比亚斯的父亲。When I became a man I married Anna, a member of our family, and by her I became the father of Tobi′as.
  10. 10.被掳到尼尼微 当我被掳到尼尼微的时候,我的所有兄弟和亲戚都吃了外邦人的食物;Taken Captive to Nineveh Now when I was carried away captive to Nin′eveh, all my brethren and my relatives ate the food of the Gentiles;
  11. 11.但我克制自己没有吃。but I kept myself from eating it,
  12. 12.因为我全心记念神。because I remembered God with all my heart.
  13. 13.当时至高者使我在沙尔曼以瑟眼中蒙恩得宠,我就成了他的粮食官。Then the Most High gave me favor and good appearance in the sight of Shalmane′ser, and I was his buyer of provisions.
  14. 14.所以我曾经到过米底,米底的拉格斯有一次,我把十塔伦银子交给米底的加比业的兄弟加比尔做保管。So I used to go into Media, and once at Rages in Media I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gab′ael, the brother of Gabri′as.
  15. 15.但沙尔马乃塞死后,他的儿子辛那基立接替他做王,在他统治期间,道路不安全,所以我不能再去米底。But when Shalmane′ser died, Sennach′erib his son reigned in his place; and under him the highways were unsafe, so that I could no longer go into Media.
  16. 16.沙尔马那塞一世在位期间,我为我的兄弟们做了许多仁慈的事,包括为死者壮胆安葬。Courage in Burying the Dead In the days of Shalmane′ser I performed many acts of charity to my brethren.
  17. 17.我会把我的食物给饥饿的人,我的衣服给没有衣服的人;如果我看见我的任何一个同胞死了,被丢在尼尼微城墙后面,我会埋葬他。I would give my bread to the hungry and my clothing to the naked; and if I saw any one of my people dead and thrown out behind the wall of Nin′eveh, I would bury him.
  18. 18.当时,亚述王西拿基立杀死了从犹大逃来的许多人,我都秘密地埋葬了他们,因为他在愤怒中杀死了许多人,王派人寻找那些尸体,却没有找到。And if Sennach′erib the king put to death any who came fleeing from Judea, I buried them secretly. For in his anger he put many to death. When the bodies were sought by the king, they were not found.
  19. 19.然后,尼尼微的人之一去告诉王关于我,说我正在埋葬他们;于是,我隐藏了自己。当我得知我被搜寻,以被处死,我害怕地离开了家。Then one of the men of Nin′eveh went and informed the king about me, that I was burying them; so I hid myself. When I learned that I was being searched for, to be put to death, I left home in fear.
  20. 20.随后我的所有财产都被没收了,只剩下我的妻子安娜和我的儿子托比亚斯。Then all my property was confiscated and nothing was left to me except my wife Anna and my son Tobi′as.
  21. 21.但仅仅五十天过去,辛那基立的两个儿子就杀死了他,他们逃到了亚拉腊的山里。于是,他的儿子以撒哈顿接替他做王,以撒哈顿任命我的兄弟亚尼尔的儿子亚希卡为他王国所有财务和整个行政的负责人。But not fifty days passed before two of Sennach′erib’s sons killed him, and they fled to the mountains of Ar′arat. Then Esarhad′don, his son, reigned in his place; and he appointed Ahi′kar, the son of my brother An′ael, over all the accounts of his kingdom and over the entire administration.
  22. 22.亚希卡尔为我求情,我便回到尼尼微。现在亚希卡尔是酒政,掌管印章,并且负责管理账目,因为埃萨尔哈顿任命他为自己的副手。他是我侄子。Ahi′kar interceded for me, and I returned to Nin′eveh. Now Ahi′kar was cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administration of the accounts, for Esarhad′don had appointed him second to himself. He was my nephew.

这段经文的意思

多比传 1 以第一人称回忆录的形式展开,开篇以四代族谱追溯多比的世系,直至拿弗他利支派的先祖亚西珥。支派的地理位置也予以标明:在亚设之上的加利利,靠近基低斯拿弗他利南面的提斯比。这种族谱与地理定位的结合是流亡中以色列人自我认同的典型方式;文本先以血统与地域确立身份,再以行为确立身份。

随后本章将多比的忠贞与其支派的背道形成对比。他回忆独自前往耶路撒冷守节,将初熟之物和十分之一献给坛前的亚伦后裔祭司,并将第二个十分之一变卖,每年在耶路撒冷花费。第三个十分之一他则按照抚养他成人的祖母底波拉之命分赠。这种三重十分之一的奉献模式——一份分给利未人,一份在圣所享用,一份依祖母之命分送——使他对圣殿礼仪的顺服显得格外明确而个人化。

后半章叙述被掳与受迫害的经历。多比因全心记念神而拒绝外邦食物,得撒缦以色的青睐,并将十他连得银子托付给玛代拉各斯的加百勒。撒缦以色驾崩后,西拿基立的统治使通往玛代的路途不再安全,多比遂开始他埋葬被杀害犹太人的危险事工。当他的举动被告发到王那里,他的财产被没收,他被迫逃亡,只留下妻子亚拿和儿子多比雅。西拿基立旋即被其两子弑杀,两子逃往亚拉腊;以撒哈顿任命多比的外甥亚希卡,护送多比归回。本章以亚希卡的职衔作结:御酒正、印信掌管者和会计总督。

背景

本章作为叙事的开篇,涵盖了从尼尼微的被掳、玛代之行,到多比眼疾痊愈的全书脉络。它确立了全书赖以展开的三项基础:多比的敬虔(其圣殿遵行与拒绝外邦食物)、他存放在拉各斯加百勒处的十他连得银子,以及他与朝廷权臣亚希卡的亲缘关系。所存银子是推动多比雅踏上旅程的情节装置;而亚希卡的地位则将尼尼微朝廷塑造为一个多比的性命既受威胁、又于关键时刻得到庇护的场所。

多比埋葬死者及他在西拿基立年间失去财产的经历,构成了第 2 章所述其日后遭遇的直接背景。从撒缦以色到西拿基立的骤然过渡、二子逃往亚拉腊、以撒哈顿的继位,皆以简略方式呈现,这与一位未曾亲历的叙事者对事件进行概括的笔法相符。

常见问题

当多比的支派已经背道之时,他为何仍独自前往耶路撒冷?

本章将多比独自朝圣之举,刻意与拿弗他利支派其余众人向牛犊巴力献祭的背道行为形成对照。他的第一人称叙述反复强调,他对圣殿的遵行乃出于个人性的顺服,而非承袭支派的习俗。

托付给加百勒的十他连得银子有何重要意义?

这笔存放的银子是日后多比雅被派往玛代拉各斯向加百勒取回银两的物质缘由,由此开启了全书核心事件发生的旅程。只要西拿基立的统治使道路不通,这笔存款便无法取出。

亚希卡在开篇一章中扮演何种角色?

多比称亚希卡为其兄亚拿珥之子,受以撒哈顿任命为仅次于王的重臣,担任御酒正、印信掌管者和总务长。亚希卡立即出面斡旋,使多比得以在西拿基立年间逃亡之后返回尼尼微,由此奠定其作为多比在朝廷中庇护者的地位。

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