《智慧篇》第15章——真正的敬拜与偶像崇拜

第15章将忍耐、怜悯的真神与必死工匠所造的虚妄、无生命的偶像相对照,揭露偶像崇拜既荒谬又自取毁灭。

智慧篇

第15章

  1. 1.然而我们的神是仁慈和忠实的,耐心并用慈悲管制万事。Benefits of Worshiping the True God But thou, our God, art kind and true, patient, and ruling all things in mercy.
  2. 2.即使我们犯罪,我们也属于你,因为我们知道你的大能;但是我们不会犯罪,因为我们知道自己被算作是属于你的人。For even if we sin we are thine, knowing thy power; but we will not sin, because we know that we are accounted thine.
  3. 3.因为认识你就是全部的义,认识你的力量就是不死之根。For to know thee is complete righteousness, and to know thy power is the root of immortality.
  4. 4.因为人类艺术的恶意并没有误导我们,画家们徒劳的劳动,也没有用各种颜色污染的图像,For neither has the evil intent of human art misled us, nor the fruitless toil of painters, a figure stained with varied colors,
  5. 5.他们的外貌引起愚人的渴望,以至于他们渴望死像的无生命形态。whose appearance arouses yearning in fools, so that they desire the lifeless form of a dead image.
  6. 6.喜爱邪恶之事、并适合于此等希望之物的人,就是那些制作、渴望或崇拜它们的人。Lovers of evil things and fit for such objects of hope are those who either make or desire or worship them.
  7. 7.愚蠢的拜偶像行为 当一个陶工揉搓柔软的泥土,并辛苦地塑造每个器皿供我们使用时,他用同样的泥土制作出供洁净用途的器皿和供相反用途的器皿,以相同的方式制作所有器皿,但每个器皿的用途由陶工决定。The Foolishness of Worshiping Clay Idols For when a potter kneads the soft earth and laboriously molds each vessel for our service, he fashions out of the same clay both the vessels that serve clean uses and those for contrary uses, making all in like manner; but which shall be the use of each of these the worker in clay decides.
  8. 8.他白白劳碌,竟从同样的泥土中塑造出一个无用的偶像—— 这个人不久前还是由泥土造的,过了一会儿又要归回他所来的泥土,当他必须归还借给他的灵魂的时候。With misspent toil, he forms a futile god from the same clay— this man who was made of earth a short time before and after a little while goes to the earth from which he was taken, when he is required to return the soul that was lent him.
  9. 9.但他并不担心自己命不久长或生命短暂,而是与黄金和白银的工匠竞争,仿效铜匠,并且认为制造假神是自己的荣耀。But he is not concerned that he is destined to die or that his life is brief, but he competes with workers in gold and silver, and imitates workers in copper; and he counts it his glory that he molds counterfeit gods.
  10. 10.他的心像灰烬,他的希望比尘土还廉价,他的生命不如泥土值钱His heart is ashes, his hope is cheaper than dirt, and his life is of less worth than clay,
  11. 11.因为他不知道造他的主,也不知道赐他灵魂和呼吸,使他有了生气的神。because he failed to know the one who formed him and inspired him with an active soul and breathed into him a living spirit.
  12. 12.但他认为我们的存在是一场无聊的游戏,生命是一场为利润而举办的节日,因为他说人们必须不择手段地赚钱,即使是通过卑劣的手段。But he considered our existence an idle game, and life a festival held for profit, for he says one must get money however one can, even by base means.
  13. 13.对于这个人来说,比其他人更清楚的是,当他用泥土般的物质制作易碎的器皿和雕刻的偶像时,他知道自己在犯罪。For this man, more than all others, knows that he sins when he makes from earthy matter fragile vessels and graven images.
  14. 14.但所有欺压你子民的敌人,却比婴儿更愚笨,更可怜。But most foolish, and more miserable than an infant, are all the enemies who oppressed thy people.
  15. 15.因为他们以为所有的偶像都是神,虽然这些偶像没有眼睛看,没有鼻孔呼吸,没有耳朵听,没有手指感触,它们的脚对行走也没有用处。For they thought that all their heathen idols were gods, though these have neither the use of their eyes to see with, nor nostrils with which to draw breath, nor ears with which to hear, nor fingers to feel with, and their feet are of no use for walking.
  16. 16.因为这是人造的,是借着别人的灵形成的;因为没有人能造出一个像自己一样的神。For a man made them, and one whose spirit is borrowed formed them; for no man can form a god which is like himself.
  17. 17.他是会死的, 他用不法的手所作成的也是死的, 因为他比他所敬拜的物好, 他有生命, 那些物却永远没有。He is mortal, and what he makes with lawless hands is dead, for he is better than the objects he worships, since he has life, but they never have.
  18. 18.旷野中的蛇 你的子民的敌人竟然拜那些最可憎的动物,这些动物在智慧方面比其他动物更为低劣;Serpents in the Desert The enemies of thy people worship even the most hateful animals, which are worse than all others, when judged by their lack of intelligence;
  19. 19.即使作为动物,他们在外貌上也没有那么美丽,令人羡慕,但他们却同时逃避了上帝的赞美和祝福。and even as animals they are not so beautiful in appearance that one would desire them, but they have escaped both the praise of God and his blessing.

这段经文的意思

开篇经文确认神对属祂之人的忍耐与怜悯(第1–2节)。即使忠信者犯罪,对神大能的认识仍约束他们;认识神就是义,认识祂的大能是不朽的根源(第3节)。本章将真正认识神视为既关乎道德又关乎存在的事:它如今产生圣洁,并指向日后的不朽。

对偶像的抨击从偶像本身转向其制造者(第7–13节)。陶匠塑造瓦器,或为洁净之用,或为不洁净之用——其道德分量取决于陶匠的意图。然而,这同一个不久就要死的工匠,却用同样的泥土塑造一个虚妄的神。他的心是灰烬,他的盼望比尘土更廉价(第10节),因为他不认识那塑造他、给他注入活跃的灵魂、并将生命的气息吹入他里面的那一位(第11节)。因此,偶像崇拜不仅是宗教错误,更是未能认识自己受造的身份。

最后一段扩大了指控,将异教崇拜中最恶劣的形式也包括在内——甚至包括那些最可憎、没有悟性、‘既未得神的称赞,也未蒙他的赐福’的动物(第18–19节)。无论偶像是一尊人手所造的形像,还是受造之物,敬拜人手所造之物都表明:拜偶像者未能辨认出那位既造了制造者、也造了偶像的永活神。

背景

本章分为三个部分:对神怜悯的宣认,以及由认识祂而来的义(第1–6节);对陶土偶像制造者的持续抨击,他自身的必死性与他的劳作相矛盾(第7–17节);以及对敬拜最低等受造物者的结语性判断(第18–19节)。《智慧篇》第15章直接建立在神的生命气息与人手所造的死偶像之间的对比之上。

在本章自身的论证中,陶匠比喻是结构上的枢纽。同样的泥土既可做成洁净的器皿,也可做成不洁净的器皿(第7节),而同样的泥土在‘毫不介意自己注定要死’的人手中却成了一个虚妄的神(第8–9节)。本章由此把偶像崇拜与未能认识人的受造性、以及每个人里面那借来的灵联系在一起(第16节)。

常见问题

为什么本章称偶像制造者的心为‘灰烬’,称他的盼望‘比尘土更廉价’?

第10节的意象将拜偶像者自身的本相(必死,且不久归回尘土)与他所信赖的(一个泥塑的形像)作对比。因为他未能认识那位‘塑造他、给他注入活跃的灵魂、并将生命的气息吹入他里面’的主(第11节),他的内在生命和盼望都被贬低到还不如他所塑造的材料。

把制造普通器皿的陶匠与制造神像的陶匠相比,意义何在?

第7节的对比表明,同样的泥土可随工匠的意图用于洁净或不洁净的用途。把这种技艺用于制作一个‘虚妄的神’(第8节),并不是错用材料,而是错用工匠自己的生命——尤其因为他自己不久也要归回同样的泥土(第8节),并且必须交还那借给他的灵魂。

为什么敬拜‘最可憎的动物’的人也被列在偶像制造者之中?

第18–19节扩展了这一抨击:无论对象是人手所造的形像,还是‘因缺乏悟性而被判定’的受造物,共同的错误都一样——敬拜低于敬拜者之物,而不是敬拜造物主。这类动物‘既未得神的称赞,也未蒙他的赐福’,因此尊崇它们与尊崇人手所造的神明有着同样的根本失败:错过了那位赐气息与灵的永活神。

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