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出埃及记 10 — 蝗灾与黑暗之灾

耶和华差遣蝗虫，随后又使可触摸的黑暗笼罩埃及，每一步都使法老的心刚硬，以致他虽有部分让步，却仍拒绝释放以色列。

经文

1.耶和華對摩西說：你進去見法老。我使他和他臣僕的心剛硬，為要在他們中間顯我這些神蹟，And Jehovah said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs in the midst of them,
2.並要叫你將我向埃及人所做的事，和在他們中間所行的神蹟，傳於你兒子和你孫子的耳中，好叫你們知道我是耶和華。and that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son's son, what things I have wrought upon Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know that I am Jehovah.
3.摩西、亞倫就進去見法老，對他說：耶和華 ─ 希伯來人的　神這樣說：你在我面前不肯自卑要到幾時呢？容我的百姓去，好事奉我。And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.
4.你若不肯容我的百姓去，明天我要使蝗蟲進入你的境內，Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to-morrow will I bring locusts into thy border:
5.遮滿地面，甚至看不見地，並且吃那冰雹所剩的和田間所長的一切樹木。and they shall cover the face of the earth, so that one shall not be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:
6.你的宮殿和你眾臣僕的房屋，並一切埃及人的房屋，都要被蝗蟲佔滿了；自從你祖宗和你祖宗的祖宗在世以來，直到今日，沒有見過這樣的災。摩西就轉身離開法老出去。and thy houses shall be filled, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; as neither thy fathers nor thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned, and went out from Pharaoh.
7.法老的臣僕對法老說：這人為我們的網羅要到幾時呢？容這些人去事奉耶和華 ─ 他們的　神罷！埃及已經敗壞了，你還不知道麼？And Pharaoh's servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve Jehovah their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?
8.於是摩西、亞倫被召回來見法老；法老對他們說：你們去事奉耶和華 ─ 你們的　神；但那要去的是誰呢？And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve Jehovah your God; but who are they that shall go?
9.摩西說：我們要和我們老的少的、兒子女兒同去，且把羊群牛群一同帶去，因為我們務要向耶和華守節。And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old; with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto Jehovah.
10.法老對他們說：我容你們和你們婦人孩子去的時候，耶和華與你們同在罷！你們要謹慎；因為有禍在你們眼前（或作：你們存著惡意），And he said unto them, So be Jehovah with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.
11.不可都去！你們這壯年人去事奉耶和華罷，因為這是你們所求的。於是把他們從法老面前攆出去。Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve Jehovah; for that is what ye desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh's presence.
12.耶和華對摩西說：你向埃及地伸杖，使蝗蟲到埃及地上來，吃地上一切的菜蔬，就是冰雹所剩的。And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out thy hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.
13.摩西就向埃及地伸杖，那一晝一夜，耶和華使東風颳在埃及地上；到了早晨，東風把蝗蟲颳了來。And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and Jehovah brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all the night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.
14.蝗蟲上來，落在埃及的四境，甚是厲害；以前沒有這樣的，以後也必沒有。And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the borders of Egypt; very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.
15.因為這蝗蟲遮滿地面，甚至地都黑暗了，又吃地上一切的菜蔬和冰雹所剩樹上的果子。埃及遍地，無論是樹木，是田間的菜蔬，連一點青的也沒有留下。For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing, either tree or herb of the field, through all the land of Egypt.
16.於是法老急忙召了摩西、亞倫來，說：我得罪耶和華 ─ 你們的　神，又得罪了你們。Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against Jehovah your God, and against you.
17.現在求你，只這一次，饒恕我的罪，求耶和華 ─ 你們的　神使我脫離這一次的死亡。Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and entreat Jehovah your God, that he may take away from me this death only.
18.摩西就離開法老去求耶和華。And he went out from Pharaoh, and entreated Jehovah.
19.耶和華轉了極大的西風，把蝗蟲颳起，吹入紅海；在埃及的四境連一個也沒有留下。And Jehovah turned an exceeding strong west wind, which took up the locusts, and drove them into the Red Sea; there remained not one locust in all the border of Egypt.
20.但耶和華使法老的心剛硬，不容以色列人去。But Jehovah hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he did not let the children of Israel go.
21.耶和華對摩西說：你向天伸杖，使埃及地黑暗；這黑暗似乎摸得著。And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out thy hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.
22.摩西向天伸杖，埃及遍地就烏黑了三天。And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days;
23.三天之久，人不能相見，誰也不敢起來離開本處；惟有以色列人家中都有亮光。they saw not one another, neither rose any one from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.
24.法老就召摩西來，說：你們去事奉耶和華；只是你們的羊群牛群要留下；你們的婦人孩子可以和你們同去。And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve Jehovah; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you.
25.摩西說：你總要把祭物和燔祭牲交給我們，使我們可以祭祀耶和華 ─ 我們的　神。And Moses said, Thou must also give into our hand sacrifices and burnt-offerings, that we may sacrifice unto Jehovah our God.
26.我們的牲畜也要帶去，連一蹄也不留下；因為我們要從其中取出來，事奉耶和華 ─ 我們的　神。我們未到那裡，還不知道用甚麼事奉耶和華。Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve Jehovah our God; and we know not with what we must serve Jehovah, until we come thither.
27.但耶和華使法老的心剛硬，不肯容他們去。But Jehovah hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them go.
28.法老對摩西說：你離開我去罷，你要小心，不要再見我的面！因為你見我面的那日你就必死！And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in the day thou seest my face thou shalt die.
29.摩西說：你說得好！我必不再見你的面了。And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well; I will see thy face again no more.

这段经文的意思

本章开篇陈述神的目的：祂使法老的心刚硬，为要彰显祂的神迹，并使后人传述，从而确立这场与埃及的对峙既是当下的审判，也是世代相传的见证（第 1–2 节）。那句'你还不肯在我面前谦卑吗？'（第 3 节）将核心问题指向在耶和华面前的谦卑，而非仅仅是一场劳役纠纷。

第八灾与第九灾层层升级。蝗虫（第 12–15 节）将冰�灾后所剩的完全吃尽，遮满全地，以致'没有留下一点青的东西'——这一描述与交叉经文约珥书 1:3 关于代代相传的记忆相呼应。黑暗之灾（第 21–23 节）被称为'可触摸的黑暗'，并且独特的是，'以色列人中凡有灯光的，都在自己居住的地方拥有光亮'，使两个民族在空间上彼此分开。

法老的回应形成一条下行的螺旋。他的臣宰称局势为'陷阱'（第 7 节）；他提出折中方案（只允许 men 去，第 11 节）；蝗灾过后他承认'我得罪了耶和华你们的神'（第 16 节）；黑暗之灾后他允许各家随行，却试图扣留牲畜（第 24 节）；最后他驱逐摩西并威胁其性命（第 28 节）。反复出现的套语'耶和华使法老的心刚硬'（第 20、27 节）将每一次让步都框定为不充分，因为完全释放的条件从未被满足。

背景

出埃及记 10 处于出埃及记 7–12 的灾祸叙事之中。本章明确回溯前一次的冰雹灾（'那场冰雹灾后余留下来的、仍归你们存留的'，第 5 节），并为第 11 章中击杀长子之最终灾祸作铺垫。短语'这些我的神迹'（第 1 节）将本章与神先前所说在埃及所行之事循环相连（参交叉经文出埃及记 4:21）。

交叉经文围绕三大主题汇集：父母向儿女传递神的作为（约珥书 1:3；申命记 4:9）、谦卑自身的这一主题（彼得前书 5:6；雅各书 4:10；列王纪上 21:29），以及法老心刚硬的议题；其中出埃及记 10:20 列于这些参考之中，以表明这一刚硬套语乃是贯穿灾祸叙事的文学标志。

原文关键词

H3513 第 1 节中译为'我使他刚硬'的希伯来动词源自词根 כָּבֵד（kāḇēḏ），意为'沉重'。其希帕利形式'我使他的心沉重'构成了反复出现的套语'耶和华使法老的心刚硬'（第 20、27 节）的基础。所附词汇表将此词根释为'沉重'，既可指负重的沉重，也可指尊荣的沉重。
H3820 希伯来文 לֵב（lēḇ），即'心'（第 1 节），在本章多次出现。其定义强调 לֵב 的用法'极为广泛，可指情感、意志，甚至理智'——不仅限于情感。当法老'使自己的心刚硬'时，所牵涉的是其意志的整体倾向。
H5608 动词 סָפַר（sāp̄ar），意为'讲述／述说'（第 2 节），被注释为'用刻痕作为计数或记录，即刻写，并也指列举；引申之义为'述说'，即颂扬。'这将埃及的神迹与将它们传给子孙后代的吩咐联系起来，与交叉经文申命记 4:9 相呼应。

常见问题

为何神使法老的心刚硬，而非使其软化？

按本章本身所述，刚硬乃是为着明确的目的：使神的作为得以'在'埃及'中间'彰显，并向后代传述（第 1–2 节）。本章并未化解神主动刚硬与法老先前抗拒之间的张力；它只是将两者并陈于叙事之中。诸如出埃及记 4:21 等交叉经文表明，刚硬的主题早在灾祸开始之前就已出现。

那'可触摸的'黑暗有什么意义？

经文描述这'可触摸的黑暗'持续三天，期间'彼此不能相见，也没有人起来挪动位置'（第 21–23 节）。该节又补充说'以色列人的住家却都有光亮'。本章将这场黑暗呈现为有形、令人瘫痪的审判，并独特地将其与歌珊地的光明并列——这种空间上的分隔呼应了早先如蝇灾之类的灾祸（参出埃及记 8:22）。

第 16 节法老的认信是否意味着他悔改了？

法老说'我得罪了耶和华你们的神，也得罪了你们'，并请求摩西'只这一次赦免我的罪'（第 16–17 节）。然而蝗虫刚一被除去，本章便记述'耶和华使法老的心刚硬，法老不肯释放以色列人'（第 20 节）。本章本身将此次认信框定为局部的——它伴随着请求除去灾祸，而非释放以色列——随后又是新的拒绝。诸如列王纪上 21:29 与雅各书 4:10 等交叉经文，区分了表层的谦卑与持久的悔改。

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出埃及记 10 — 蝗灾与黑暗之灾

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