章节研读

出埃及记 16 —— 旷野中的吗哪与安息日

以色列在第二个月抵达汛的旷野，因饥饿而发怨言；耶和华于傍晚赐下鹌鹑，每日清晨赐下吗哪，并在第六日赐下双倍的分量，以设立安息日的安歇。

经文

1.以色列全會眾從以琳起行，在出埃及後第二個月十五日到了以琳和西乃中間、汛的曠野。And they took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came unto the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt.
2.以色列全會眾在曠野向摩西、亞倫發怨言，And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness:
3.說：巴不得我們早死在埃及地、耶和華的手下；那時我們坐在肉鍋旁邊，吃得飽足。你們將我們領出來，到這曠野，是要叫這全會眾都餓死阿！and the children of Israel said unto them, Would that we had died by the hand of Jehovah in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh-pots, when we did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger.
4.耶和華對摩西說：我要將糧食從天降給你們。百姓可以出去，每天收每天的分，我好試驗他們遵不遵我的法度。Then said Jehovah unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a day's portion every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or not.
5.到第六天，他們要把所收進來的預備好了，比每天所收的多一倍。And it shall come to pass on the sixth day, that they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.
6.摩西、亞倫對以色列眾人說：到了晚上，你們要知道是耶和華將你們從埃及地領出來的。And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel, At even, then ye shall know that Jehovah hath brought you out from the land of Egypt;
7.早晨，你們要看見耶和華的榮耀，因為耶和華聽見你們向他所發的怨言了。我們算甚麼，你們竟向我們發怨言呢？and in the morning, then ye shall see the glory of Jehovah; for that he heareth your murmurings against Jehovah: and what are we, that ye murmur against us?
8.摩西又說：耶和華晚上必給你們肉吃，早晨必給你們食物得飽；因為你們向耶和華發的怨言，他都聽見了。我們算甚麼，你們的怨言不是向我們發的，乃是向耶和華發的。And Moses said, This shall be, when Jehovah shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to the full; for that Jehovah heareth your murmurings which ye murmur against him: and what are we? your murmurings are not against us, but against Jehovah.
9.摩西對亞倫說：你告訴以色列全會眾說：你們就近耶和華面前，因為他已經聽見你們的怨言了。And Moses said unto Aaron, Say unto all the congregation of the children of Israel, Come near before Jehovah; for he hath heard your murmurings.
10.亞倫正對以色列全會眾說話的時候，他們向曠野觀看，不料，耶和華的榮光在雲中顯現。And it came to pass, as Aaron spake unto the whole congregation of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness, and, behold, the glory of Jehovah appeared in the cloud.
11.耶和華曉諭摩西說：And Jehovah spake unto Moses, saying,
12.我已經聽見以色列人的怨言。你告訴他們說：到黃昏的時候，你們要吃肉，早晨必有食物得飽，你們就知道我是耶和華 ─ 你們的　神。I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel: speak unto them, saying, At even ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread; and ye shall know that I am Jehovah your God.
13.到了晚上，有鵪鶉飛來，遮滿了營；早晨在營四圍的地上有露水。And it came to pass at even, that the quails came up, and covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the camp.
14.露水上升之後，不料，野地面上有如白霜的小圓物。And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness a small round thing, small as the hoar-frost on the ground.
15.以色列人看見，不知道是甚麼，就彼此對問說：這是甚麼呢？摩西對他們說：這就是耶和華給你們吃的食物。And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, What is it? for they knew not what it was. And Moses said unto them, It is the bread which Jehovah hath given you to eat.
16.耶和華所吩咐的是這樣：你們要按著各人的飯量，為帳棚裡的人，按著人數收起來，各拿一俄梅珥。This is the thing which Jehovah hath commanded. Gather ye of it every man according to his eating; an omer a head, according to the number of your persons, shall ye take it, every man for them that are in his tent.
17.以色列人就這樣行；有多收的，有少收的。And the children of Israel did so, and gathered some more, some less.
18.及至用俄梅珥量一量，多收的也沒有餘，少收的也沒有缺；各人按著自己的飯量收取。And when they measured it with an omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they gathered every man according to his eating.
19.摩西對他們說：所收的，不許甚麼人留到早晨。And Moses said unto them, Let no man leave of it till the morning.
20.然而他們不聽摩西的話，內中有留到早晨的，就生蟲變臭了；摩西便向他們發怒。Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and became foul: and Moses was wroth with them.
21.他們每日早晨，按著各人的飯量收取，日頭一發熱，就消化了。And they gathered it morning by morning, every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted.
22.到第六天，他們收了雙倍的食物，每人兩俄梅珥。會眾的官長來告訴摩西；And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each one: and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.
23.摩西對他們說：耶和華這樣說：明天是聖安息日，是向耶和華守的聖安息日。你們要烤的就烤了，要煮的就煮了，所剩下的都留到早晨。And he said unto them, This is that which Jehovah hath spoken, To-morrow is a solemn rest, a holy sabbath unto Jehovah: bake that which ye will bake, and boil that which ye will boil; and all that remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning.
24.他們就照摩西的吩咐留到早晨，也不臭，裡頭也沒有蟲子。And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade: and it did not become foul, neither was there any worm therein.
25.摩西說：你們今天吃這個罷！因為今天是向耶和華守的安息日；你們在田野必找不著了。And Moses said, Eat that to-day; for to-day is a sabbath unto Jehovah: to-day ye shall not find it in the field.
26.六天可以收取，第七天乃是安息日，那一天必沒有了。Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day is the sabbath, in it there shall be none.
27.第七天，百姓中有人出去收，甚麼也找不著。And it came to pass on the seventh day, that there went out some of the people to gather, and they found none.
28.耶和華對摩西說：你們不肯守我的誡命和律法，要到幾時呢？And Jehovah said unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my commandments and my laws?
29.你們看！耶和華既將安息日賜給你們，所以第六天他賜給你們兩天的食物，第七天各人要住在自己的地方，不許甚麼人出去。See, for that Jehovah hath given you the sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day.
30.於是百姓第七天安息了。So the people rested on the seventh day.
31.這食物，以色列家叫嗎哪；樣子像芫荽子，顏色是白的，滋味如同攙蜜的薄餅。And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey.
32.摩西說：耶和華所吩咐的是這樣：要將一滿俄梅珥俄梅珥就是伊法十分之一）嗎哪留到世世代代，使後人可以看見我當日將你們領出埃及地，在曠野所給你們吃的食物。And Moses said, This is the thing which Jehovah hath commanded, Let an omerful of it be kept throughout your generations, that they may see the bread wherewith I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt.
33.摩西對亞倫說：你拿一個罐子，盛一滿俄梅珥嗎哪，存在耶和華面前，要留到世世代代。And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a pot, and put an omerful of manna therein, and lay it up before Jehovah, to be kept throughout your generations.
34.耶和華怎麼吩咐摩西，亞倫就怎麼行，把嗎哪放在法櫃前存留。As Jehovah commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept.
35.以色列人吃嗎哪共四十年，直到進了有人居住之地，就是迦南的境界。And the children of Israel did eat the manna forty years, until they came to a land inhabited; they did eat the manna, until they came unto the borders of the land of Canaan.
36.俄梅珥就是伊法十分之一。Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah.

这段经文的意思

本章将一场饥荒的危机转化为一场圣约的试验。百姓怀念埃及的肉锅，摩西揭示了抱怨的核心：「你们的怨言不是反对我们，乃是反对耶和华」（第 8 节）。因此，吗哪不仅是食物，更是一项裁决——每日仰赖天上的粮，揭示这个社群是否愿意遵行耶和华的律法（第 4 节）。最终的结果是：多收的没有余，少收的也没有缺（第 18 节），表明充足来自神的分派，而非人的囤积。

供应分两阶段到来。鹌鹑于傍晚遮盖全营（第 13 节），到了清晨，露水揭开一层薄薄的、如同霜花般的细屑，百姓不知其名。摩西指明：「这就是耶和华给你们吃的饼」（第 15 节）。第六日的双倍分量（第 22 节）引入了安息日的模式——要烤的就烤，要煮的就煮，所余剩的要留到早晨（第 23 节）。不顺服者将吗哪留到次日，便生虫变臭（第 20 节）；顺服者则使其得以保存（第 24 节）。

末段将整段旷野时期加以框定。一俄梅珥吗哪被放在法柜前作为永远的纪念（第 33-34 节），百姓吃吗哪共四十年，直到抵达迦南的边界（第 35 节）。结尾的量度注记——一俄梅珥乃伊法十分之一（第 36 节）——将这一神迹锚定于一个具体的经济单位，使这每日的恩赐成为后世衡量耶和华作为的标准。

背景

出埃及记 16 处于旷野行程之中，紧接红海之渡与玛拉的苦水（出埃及记 15），将以色列置于第二个月十五日的汛的旷野——大约在出埃及六周之后。本章指出他们吃吗哪共四十年，直到抵达迦南（第 35 节），将单一危机重塑为整段旅程的范式，民数记 11 后来再次回顾这一段，记载了对肉食的渴望与对埃及鱼、黄瓜、西瓜、韭菜、葱、蒜的怀恋。

本章亦为安息日的设立奠定根基。第六日的双倍分量（第 22 节）与第七日为严肃安息的明令（第 23 节）在利未记 23:3 中得到回响，后者将安息日定义为圣会。尼希米记 9:20-21 回顾这一时期，追念耶和华未曾停止赐下吗哪，并养活他们四十年，使他们的衣服没有穿坏。新约约翰福音 6 章将预表的线索向前延伸：吗哪乃是那从天降下、赐人永生的真粮之影。

原文关键词

H5712 希伯来词 ʿăḏaṯ（H5712），译为「会众」或「社群」，将出埃及记 16 框定为一项集体事件。整个会众发怨言（第 2 节），众首领都来到摩西那里（第 22 节），强调吗哪试验的是社群整体的顺服，而非仅仅个人的虔敬。
H3885 动词 lūלַ（H3885），在第 2 节译为「发怨言」，字面意思是「停留」或「过夜」，用于贬义时指「言语上顽固不化」。本章正是用此词汇，将以色列的抱怨刻画为顽固的拒绝，而非正当的请求。
H4057 名词 miḏbar（H4057），旷野，在出埃及记 16 中多次出现（第 1、2、10、14 节）。此处使用此词标明场景乃牧场或旷野之地，以色列在此完全仰赖耶和华的供给——这正是天上每日之粮的必要背景。

常见问题

以色列为何在出埃及后如此迅速地因食物发怨言？

本章本身并未解释发怨言的心理；它只是将此置于旷野的背景之中。经文将抱怨最终指向耶和华，而非摩西与亚伦（第 8 节），并以对饼的诉求作为圣约试验的契机（第 4 节）。

鹌鹑与吗哪有何分别？

鹌鹑在傍晚出现一次，作为对肉食这一具体渴求的回应（第 8、12-13 节）；吗哪则每日清晨出现，持续四十年，作为常规的供应（第 14-15、35 节）。本章由此区分了一次性回应渴求与试验持续顺服（包括守安息日）的每日之粮。

出埃及记 16 如何设立安息日？

第 22-30 节直接记载此设立：第六日赐下双倍分量，第七日不可拾取，并有明令第七日乃向耶和华守的严肃安息。利未记 23:3 将此同一原则编纂为律例，表明出埃及记 16 乃是后来律例框架生长的叙事土壤。

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出埃及记 16 —— 旷野中的吗哪与安息日

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