章节研读
Sirach 12 — Discernment in Giving and in Friendship
Sirach 12 instructs the reader to give wisely—to the godly and humble, but not to the sinner—and to remain wary of enemies who disguise their hostility.
经文
- 1.如果你行善，就要知道你是对谁行善，这样你就会因你的好行为而受到感谢。If you do a kindness, know to whom you do it, and you will be thanked for your good deeds.
- 2.对待义人要行善，若不是他报答你，至高的神必会报答你。Do good to a godly man, and you will be repaid— if not by him, certainly by the Most High.
- 3.坚持作恶的人和不施舍的人，都不会有好结果。No good will come to the man who persists in evil or to him who does not give alms.
- 4.将善待义人，却不要帮助罪人。Give to the godly man, but do not help the sinner.
- 5.对谦卑的人要行善，不要给不虔诚的人；要留住他的食物，不要给他，免得他靠着这食物制伏你；因为你对他行的所有善事，他会加倍用恶报你。Do good to the humble, but do not give to the ungodly; hold back his bread, and do not give it to him, lest by means of it he subdue you; for you will receive twice as much evil for all the good which you do to him.
- 6.至高者也憎恶罪人，并要惩罚不虔之人。For the Most High also hates sinners and will inflict punishment on the ungodly.
- 7.给义人，但不帮助罪人。Give to the good man, but do not help the sinner.
- 8.在顺境中不会显现朋友，在逆境中不会隐藏敌人。A friend will not be known in prosperity, nor will an enemy be hidden in adversity.
- 9.一个人得意时，敌人便会忧伤，到了他遭难的时候，连朋友也会离他而去。A man’s enemies are grieved when he prospers, and in his adversity even his friend will separate from him.
- 10.永远不要相信你的敌人，因为他的邪恶就像铜的生锈一样。Never trust your enemy, for like the rusting of copper, so is his wickedness.
- 11.即使他谦卑自己，畏缩地行事，你也要谨慎提防他，你就会像磨亮镜子一样对待他，你就会知道它并没有完全失去光泽。Even if he humbles himself and goes about cringing, watch yourself, and be on your guard against him; and you will be to him like one who has polished a mirror, and you will know that it was not hopelessly tarnished.
- 12.不要把他放在你旁边，否则他会推翻你，取代你的位置；不要让他坐在你的右边，否则他会试图取代你的荣位，最后你会认识到我言语的真实，并被我所说的话刺痛。Do not put him next to you, lest he overthrow you and take your place; do not have him sit at your right, lest he try to take your seat of honor, and at last you will realize the truth of my words, and be stung by what I have said.
- 13.谁会可怜被蛇咬的蛇夫，或是靠近野兽的人呢！Who will pity a snake charmer bitten by a serpent, or any who go near wild beasts?
- 14.所以没有人会可怜与罪人来往、参与他罪恶的人。So no one will pity a man who associates with a sinner and becomes involved in his sins.
- 15.他会暂时与你同在，但如果你动摇，他就不会站在你这一边。He will stay with you for a time, but if you falter, he will not stand by you.
- 16.敌人会用嘴唇说甜言蜜语，但在他心中却计划要把你投入坑中；敌人会流眼泪，但如果他找到机会，他的杀戮欲望将是不可满足的。An enemy will speak sweetly with his lips, but in his mind he will plan to throw you into a pit; an enemy will weep with his eyes, but if he finds an opportunity his thirst for blood will be insatiable.
- 17.如果灾祸降临到你身上，你会发现他已经在那里等着你；并且在假装帮助你的同时，他会在你脚后跟处绊倒你；If calamity befalls you, you will find him there ahead of you; and while pretending to help you, he will trip you by the heel;
- 18.他将摇头、拍手、低声细语、并改变表情。he will shake his head, and clap his hands, and whisper much, and change his expression.
这段经文的意思
The chapter opens with a call for discernment in beneficence. The reader is told to give to a godly man, but not to help the sinner, and to do good to the humble while withholding bread from the ungodly. The stated reason is practical and theological alike: the ungodly will use kindness as a weapon, and the Most High, who also hates sinners, will repay the wicked. Generosity, in other words, is not detached from moral judgment; it is guided by the character of the recipient.
A second movement in the chapter shifts from giving to discernment of persons. A friend is not truly known in prosperity, and an enemy is not hidden in adversity; both relationships are tested by changing circumstances. The enemy is described with care: he humbles himself, walks cringing, speaks sweetly with his lips while planning to throw the reader into a pit, and weeps with his eyes while thirsting for blood. The reader is warned never to trust such a person and to refuse him a place at the right hand, lest he take the seat of honor.
The closing section clinches the argument with an analogy: no one pities a snake charmer bitten by a serpent, and no one should pity the man who associates with a sinner and shares in his sins. Such a companion will stay only while things go well; if the reader falters, the companion will not stand by him. The chapter therefore ends where it began—on the need to distinguish between allies and adversaries, and to extend kindness only where it is morally fitting.
背景
The provided chapter note states that Sirach 12 was backfilled from chapters outside P0/P1, which signals that this material sits within the wider wisdom collection of the book rather than at a designated thematic core. The chapter itself reads as a self-contained instruction on discernment in two domains—charitable giving and the assessment of friends and enemies—using a series of short, proverb-like statements.
Because the supplied cross-reference list and original-language word list are empty for this passage, the chapter is treated here only on the basis of its own text. No external geographic, historical, or lexical background is introduced, and the page confines itself to describing the structure and content of Sirach 12 as it stands.
常见问题
Why does Sirach 12 tell the reader not to help the sinner?
The chapter gives two reasons. Practically, kindness to the ungodly is repaid with evil, and the ungodly man will use what is given to subdue the giver. Theologically, the chapter states that the Most High also hates sinners and will inflict punishment on the ungodly. Giving is therefore presented as a moral act that must be guided by the character of the recipient, not merely by the size of the gift.
How does Sirach 12 describe the enemy?
The enemy is portrayed as outwardly humble, speaking sweetly with his lips while inwardly planning to throw the reader into a pit. He weeps with his eyes while his thirst for blood remains. If the reader prospers, the enemy is grieved; if calamity comes, the enemy is already there ahead of him, pretending to help while tripping the reader by the heel, shaking his head and clapping his hands.
What is the final image of Sirach 12 meant to teach?
The closing analogy compares the man who associates with a sinner to a snake charmer bitten by a serpent. Just as no one pities the charmer, no one should pity the one who shares in another's sins, because such a companion will stay only while things go well and will not stand by the reader if he falters. The image drives home the chapter's overall demand for discernment in choosing whom to help and whom to trust.