《便西拉智训》20——论言语、悖论与愚妄

《便西拉智训》第20章汇集了简短箴言,论及言语的合宜运用、命运与名声的逆转、谎言的危害,以及礼物如何能止息责备。

德训篇

第20章

  1. 1.沉默与言语 责备有时不合时宜;也有人默不作声,却是有智慧的。Silence and Speech There is a reproof which is not timely; and there is a man who keeps silent but is wise.
  2. 2.责备人胜过怀怒,承认过失的,必免遭损失。How much better it is to reprove than to stay angry! And the one who confesses his fault will be kept from loss.
  3. 4.太监想要侵犯少女,正如有以暴力施行审判的人。Like a eunuch’s desire to violate a maiden is a man who executes judgments by violence.
  4. 5.有人因沉默而显为有智慧,有人却因话多而令人厌恶。There is one who by keeping silent is found wise, while another is detested for being too talkative.
  5. 6.有一人沉默无语,因为他无话可答;另一人沉默不语,因为他知道何时该开口。There is one who keeps silent because he has no answer, while another keeps silent because he knows when to speak.
  6. 7.智者会在适当的时机保持沉默,而爱夸耀的愚人却越过恰当的时刻。A wise man will be silent until the right moment, but a braggart and fool goes beyond the right moment.
  7. 8.多言多语的必遭厌恶,擅自专言的必被憎恨。Whoever uses too many words will be loathed, and whoever usurps the right to speak will be hated.
  8. 9.悖论:人处患难中或有福分,意外之财反致损失。Paradoxes There may be good fortune for a man in adversity, and a windfall may result in a loss.
  9. 10.有一份礼物于你毫无益处,也有一份礼物带来加倍的回报。There is a gift that profits you nothing, and there is a gift that brings a double return.
  10. 11.有因荣耀而有的损失,也有从卑微中抬起头来的人。There are losses because of glory, and there are men who have raised their heads from humble circumstances.
  11. 12.有一个人以少许换来许多,却要付出七倍的代价。There is a man who buys much for a little, but pays for it seven times over.
  12. 13.智慧人因言语赢得爱戴,愚人的殷勤终归徒劳。The wise man makes himself beloved through his words, but the courtesies of fools are wasted.
  13. 14.愚昧人的礼物于你毫无益处,因为他有许多眼睛,而不是专一的。A fool’s gift will profit you nothing, for he has many eyes instead of one.
  14. 15.他施与少许,却多方斥责;他张口如传令官;他今日借出,明日索回;这样的人,实为可恨。He gives little and upbraids much, he opens his mouth like a herald; today he lends and tomorrow he asks it back; such a one is a hateful man.
  15. 16.愚顽人必说:“我无朋友,我的善行也无人感念;那吃我饭的,竟以恶言相待。”A fool will say, “I have no friend, and there is no gratitude for my good deeds; those who eat my bread speak unkindly.”
  16. 17.多少人要讥笑他,而且何等频繁!How many will ridicule him, and how often!
  17. 18.言语失当 跌倒在路,胜于失言; 故恶人必速速陷落。Inappropriate Speech A slip on the pavement is better than a slip of the tongue; so the downfall of the wicked will occur speedily.
  18. 19.无礼的人犹如不合时宜的故事,常挂在愚昧人的嘴边。An ungracious man is like a story told at the wrong time, which is continually on the lips of the ignorant.
  19. 20.愚人嘴中的箴言也必被厌弃,因他不在合宜的时候说出。A proverb from a fool’s lips will be rejected, for he does not tell it at its proper time.
  20. 21.贫穷或许能阻止人犯罪,故他安歇时无所悔恨。A man may be prevented from sinning by his poverty, so when he rests he feels no remorse.
  21. 22.人因羞耻而丧命,或因愚颜而亡命。A man may lose his life through shame, or lose it because of his foolish look.
  22. 23.人或许会因羞愧而向朋友许诺,却无端地把他变成仇敌。A man may for shame make promises to a friend, and needlessly make him an enemy.
  23. 24.撒谎 谎言是人丑陋的污点,常挂在无知者的嘴上。Lying A lie is an ugly blot on a man; it is continually on the lips of the ignorant.
  24. 25.偷盗的胜过惯常说谎的,但两者的结局都是灭亡。A thief is preferable to a habitual liar, but the lot of both is ruin.
  25. 26.说谎之人的性情带来羞辱,他的耻辱永远与他同在。The disposition of a liar brings disgrace, and his shame is ever with him.
  26. 27.说话有智慧的,必自亨通;聪明明理的人,必蒙尊贵人喜悦。He who speaks wisely will advance himself, and a sensible man will please great men.
  27. 28.勤于耕种的人必收获丰盈,讨尊长喜悦的人必弥补过犯。Whoever cultivates the soil will heap up his harvest, and whoever pleases great men will atone for injustice.
  28. 29.礼物和贿赂蒙蔽智慧人的眼目,又如笼头堵住口,使之无法直言责备。Presents and gifts blind the eyes of the wise; like a muzzle on the mouth they avert reproofs.
  29. 30.隐藏的智慧和看不见的宝藏,这两者有什么益处呢?Hidden wisdom and unseen treasure, what advantage is there in either of them?
  30. 31.隐藏自己愚行的人,胜过隐藏自己智慧的人。Better is the man who hides his folly than the man who hides his wisdom.

这段经文的意思

本章开篇以一系列静默与言语之间的对比展开,主张智慧往往显明于知道何时不该说话。时机不当的责备,或出自不配之人的责备,毫无益处(第1节);先有认罪、后有克制,能避免进一步的损失(第2节)。将太监受挫的欲望与以暴力施行审判的人并列(第4节),暗示缺乏合宜能力或权柄的行动只会带来徒劳或伤害。

中间部分以悖论为标志(第9节),指出顺境可与逆境并存,礼物可能毫无益处,也可能带来双倍回报(第9–10节)。智慧人藉言语赢得好感(第13节),而愚妄人的礼物毫无益处,因为他增添许多条件和抱怨,而不是单纯地给予(第14–15节)。第16–17节中愚妄人的抱怨——无人报答他的善行——表明自私的名声如何削弱每一次慷慨之举。

最后一部分谴责不当的言语和说谎。口舌失言比在铺石路上绊倒更糟(第18节),愚妄人的箴言被弃绝,因为他提出箴言的时机不对(第20节)。说谎是长久的污点(第24节);本章声称,惯常说谎的人比盗贼更坏(第25节)。本章结尾提出一个惊人的主张:隐藏而未加使用的智慧如同埋藏的财宝,毫无益处(第30节);隐藏自己的愚妄比隐藏智慧更好(第31节)——这一颠倒促使读者积极而合时地表达自己所知道的。

背景

所提供材料中的章注表明,《便西拉智训》第20章是在P0/P1优先章节之外补入的,且未提供周边章节语境(context_before、context_after 和 full_chapter)。就本章本身而言,三个主题板块的经文标题已明确给出——“静默与言语”(1–8)、“悖论”(9–17)和“不当的言语”(18–31,其中24–29节为“说谎”子题)——这些划分将箴言按言语、获益和虚假组织成若干组。未提供交叉引用或原文词语条目,因此任何超出经文陈述的互文或词汇分析都无法从给定材料中得出。

常见问题

为什么本章说盗贼比惯常说谎的人更可取(第25节)?

本章提出一种衡量尺度:偷窃造成的损害有限,而说谎者的性情(第26节)带来持续不断的羞辱,因为谎言败坏它所触及的每一次交往,并且“常挂在无知人的嘴边”(第24节)。盗贼拿走的是东西;本章暗示,说谎者破坏的却是信任本身,而且“二者的结局都是败亡”(第25节)。

第9–12节中的悖论是什么意思?

本段的言论颠覆了寻常的假设:顺境可与艰难并存(第9节),一件礼物可能毫无益处,另一件却带来双倍回报(第10节),升高可能出自卑微的出身(第11节),一笔小买卖可能付出七倍代价(第12节)。它们共同警告读者,要按结果而非外表来判断——真正的价值并不总是显露于表面。

第31节——“隐藏自己愚妄的人,比隐藏自己智慧的人更好”——应当如何理解?

若对照上下文关于隐藏的智慧毫无益处的说法(第30节)来读,这节经文称赞的是抑制有害之物,而非抑制有益之物。不合时宜说出的一句愚妄话会造成损害(第18–20节),而缄默不说的智慧则与埋藏的财宝一样无用。本章一贯关注的是合时的表达:隐藏愚妄使他人免受其害,隐藏智慧却使他人有所匮乏——而隐藏智慧是更严重的失败。

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