《便西拉智训》20——论言语、悖论与愚妄
《便西拉智训》第20章汇集了简短箴言,论及言语的合宜运用、命运与名声的逆转、谎言的危害,以及礼物如何能止息责备。
德训篇
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德训篇
第20章
- 1.沉默与言语 责备有时不合时宜;也有人默不作声,却是有智慧的。Silence and Speech There is a reproof which is not timely; and there is a man who keeps silent but is wise.
- 2.责备人胜过怀怒,承认过失的,必免遭损失。How much better it is to reprove than to stay angry! And the one who confesses his fault will be kept from loss.
- 4.太监想要侵犯少女,正如有以暴力施行审判的人。Like a eunuch’s desire to violate a maiden is a man who executes judgments by violence.
- 5.有人因沉默而显为有智慧,有人却因话多而令人厌恶。There is one who by keeping silent is found wise, while another is detested for being too talkative.
- 6.有一人沉默无语,因为他无话可答;另一人沉默不语,因为他知道何时该开口。There is one who keeps silent because he has no answer, while another keeps silent because he knows when to speak.
- 7.智者会在适当的时机保持沉默,而爱夸耀的愚人却越过恰当的时刻。A wise man will be silent until the right moment, but a braggart and fool goes beyond the right moment.
- 8.多言多语的必遭厌恶,擅自专言的必被憎恨。Whoever uses too many words will be loathed, and whoever usurps the right to speak will be hated.
- 9.悖论:人处患难中或有福分,意外之财反致损失。Paradoxes There may be good fortune for a man in adversity, and a windfall may result in a loss.
- 10.有一份礼物于你毫无益处,也有一份礼物带来加倍的回报。There is a gift that profits you nothing, and there is a gift that brings a double return.
- 11.有因荣耀而有的损失,也有从卑微中抬起头来的人。There are losses because of glory, and there are men who have raised their heads from humble circumstances.
- 12.有一个人以少许换来许多,却要付出七倍的代价。There is a man who buys much for a little, but pays for it seven times over.
- 13.智慧人因言语赢得爱戴,愚人的殷勤终归徒劳。The wise man makes himself beloved through his words, but the courtesies of fools are wasted.
- 14.愚昧人的礼物于你毫无益处,因为他有许多眼睛,而不是专一的。A fool’s gift will profit you nothing, for he has many eyes instead of one.
- 15.他施与少许,却多方斥责;他张口如传令官;他今日借出,明日索回;这样的人,实为可恨。He gives little and upbraids much, he opens his mouth like a herald; today he lends and tomorrow he asks it back; such a one is a hateful man.
- 16.愚顽人必说:“我无朋友,我的善行也无人感念;那吃我饭的,竟以恶言相待。”A fool will say, “I have no friend, and there is no gratitude for my good deeds; those who eat my bread speak unkindly.”
- 17.多少人要讥笑他,而且何等频繁!How many will ridicule him, and how often!
- 18.言语失当 跌倒在路,胜于失言; 故恶人必速速陷落。Inappropriate Speech A slip on the pavement is better than a slip of the tongue; so the downfall of the wicked will occur speedily.
- 19.无礼的人犹如不合时宜的故事,常挂在愚昧人的嘴边。An ungracious man is like a story told at the wrong time, which is continually on the lips of the ignorant.
- 20.愚人嘴中的箴言也必被厌弃,因他不在合宜的时候说出。A proverb from a fool’s lips will be rejected, for he does not tell it at its proper time.
- 21.贫穷或许能阻止人犯罪,故他安歇时无所悔恨。A man may be prevented from sinning by his poverty, so when he rests he feels no remorse.
- 22.人因羞耻而丧命,或因愚颜而亡命。A man may lose his life through shame, or lose it because of his foolish look.
- 23.人或许会因羞愧而向朋友许诺,却无端地把他变成仇敌。A man may for shame make promises to a friend, and needlessly make him an enemy.
- 24.撒谎 谎言是人丑陋的污点,常挂在无知者的嘴上。Lying A lie is an ugly blot on a man; it is continually on the lips of the ignorant.
- 25.偷盗的胜过惯常说谎的,但两者的结局都是灭亡。A thief is preferable to a habitual liar, but the lot of both is ruin.
- 26.说谎之人的性情带来羞辱,他的耻辱永远与他同在。The disposition of a liar brings disgrace, and his shame is ever with him.
- 27.说话有智慧的,必自亨通;聪明明理的人,必蒙尊贵人喜悦。He who speaks wisely will advance himself, and a sensible man will please great men.
- 28.勤于耕种的人必收获丰盈,讨尊长喜悦的人必弥补过犯。Whoever cultivates the soil will heap up his harvest, and whoever pleases great men will atone for injustice.
- 29.礼物和贿赂蒙蔽智慧人的眼目,又如笼头堵住口,使之无法直言责备。Presents and gifts blind the eyes of the wise; like a muzzle on the mouth they avert reproofs.
- 30.隐藏的智慧和看不见的宝藏,这两者有什么益处呢?Hidden wisdom and unseen treasure, what advantage is there in either of them?
- 31.隐藏自己愚行的人,胜过隐藏自己智慧的人。Better is the man who hides his folly than the man who hides his wisdom.
这段经文的意思
本章开篇以一系列静默与言语之间的对比展开,主张智慧往往显明于知道何时不该说话。时机不当的责备,或出自不配之人的责备,毫无益处(第1节);先有认罪、后有克制,能避免进一步的损失(第2节)。将太监受挫的欲望与以暴力施行审判的人并列(第4节),暗示缺乏合宜能力或权柄的行动只会带来徒劳或伤害。
中间部分以悖论为标志(第9节),指出顺境可与逆境并存,礼物可能毫无益处,也可能带来双倍回报(第9–10节)。智慧人藉言语赢得好感(第13节),而愚妄人的礼物毫无益处,因为他增添许多条件和抱怨,而不是单纯地给予(第14–15节)。第16–17节中愚妄人的抱怨——无人报答他的善行——表明自私的名声如何削弱每一次慷慨之举。
最后一部分谴责不当的言语和说谎。口舌失言比在铺石路上绊倒更糟(第18节),愚妄人的箴言被弃绝,因为他提出箴言的时机不对(第20节)。说谎是长久的污点(第24节);本章声称,惯常说谎的人比盗贼更坏(第25节)。本章结尾提出一个惊人的主张:隐藏而未加使用的智慧如同埋藏的财宝,毫无益处(第30节);隐藏自己的愚妄比隐藏智慧更好(第31节)——这一颠倒促使读者积极而合时地表达自己所知道的。
背景
所提供材料中的章注表明,《便西拉智训》第20章是在P0/P1优先章节之外补入的,且未提供周边章节语境(context_before、context_after 和 full_chapter)。就本章本身而言,三个主题板块的经文标题已明确给出——“静默与言语”(1–8)、“悖论”(9–17)和“不当的言语”(18–31,其中24–29节为“说谎”子题)——这些划分将箴言按言语、获益和虚假组织成若干组。未提供交叉引用或原文词语条目,因此任何超出经文陈述的互文或词汇分析都无法从给定材料中得出。
常见问题
为什么本章说盗贼比惯常说谎的人更可取(第25节)?
本章提出一种衡量尺度:偷窃造成的损害有限,而说谎者的性情(第26节)带来持续不断的羞辱,因为谎言败坏它所触及的每一次交往,并且“常挂在无知人的嘴边”(第24节)。盗贼拿走的是东西;本章暗示,说谎者破坏的却是信任本身,而且“二者的结局都是败亡”(第25节)。
第9–12节中的悖论是什么意思?
本段的言论颠覆了寻常的假设:顺境可与艰难并存(第9节),一件礼物可能毫无益处,另一件却带来双倍回报(第10节),升高可能出自卑微的出身(第11节),一笔小买卖可能付出七倍代价(第12节)。它们共同警告读者,要按结果而非外表来判断——真正的价值并不总是显露于表面。
第31节——“隐藏自己愚妄的人,比隐藏自己智慧的人更好”——应当如何理解?
若对照上下文关于隐藏的智慧毫无益处的说法(第30节)来读,这节经文称赞的是抑制有害之物,而非抑制有益之物。不合时宜说出的一句愚妄话会造成损害(第18–20节),而缄默不说的智慧则与埋藏的财宝一样无用。本章一贯关注的是合时的表达:隐藏愚妄使他人免受其害,隐藏智慧却使他人有所匮乏——而隐藏智慧是更严重的失败。
