圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第33章
- 1.敬畏上帝的人,不会遭遇任何灾祸,在试炼中,上帝会一次又一次地拯救他。No evil will befall the man who fears the Lord, but in trial he will deliver him again and again.
- 2.一个智慧的人不会憎恨律法,但对律法虚伪的人就像暴风雨中的船只。A wise man will not hate the law, but he who is hypocritical about it is like a boat in a storm.
- 3.明智的人都信靠律法,对于他来说,律法就像乌林一样可靠。A man of understanding will trust in the law; for him the law is as dependable as an inquiry by means of Urim.
- 4.准备好你要说的话,这样你就会被人听从;整理好你的教导,并作出你的回答。Prepare what to say, and thus you will be heard; bind together your instruction, and make your answer.
- 5.愚人的心像车轮,他的思绪像转动的轴。The heart of a fool is like a cart wheel, and his thoughts like a turning axle.
- 6.一匹种马就像一个讥笑的朋友,他在每一个骑在他背上的人面前嘶鸣。A stallion is like a mocking friend; he neighs under every one who sits on him.
- 7.性质和人类的差异 为什么有一天比其他日子更好,当这一年中所有的白昼都来源于太阳?Differences in Nature and in Mankind Why is any day better than another, when all the daylight in the year is from the sun?
- 8.这是根据主的安排,他们被区分开来,他也规定了不同的节期和节日;By the Lord’s decision they were distinguished, and he appointed the different seasons and feasts;
- 9.他使其中一些日子得以高举和圣洁,有一些日子他使成为普通日子。some of them he exalted and hallowed, and some of them he made ordinary days.
- 10.所有的人都是从地上的,亚当是由尘土造的。All men are from the ground, and Adam was created of the dust.
- 11.主用他充足的知识使他们有分别,并且为他们安排了不同的道路;In the fulness of his knowledge the Lord distinguished them and appointed their different ways;
- 12.他称一些人为有福的,升高他们;他使一些人成圣,亲近自己;但他也咒诅一些人,降低他们,并使他们离开自己的地位。some of them he blessed and exalted, and some of them he made holy and brought near to himself; but some of them he cursed and brought low, and he turned them out of their place.
- 13.就像陶匠手中的泥一样,因为他所做的一切都是照着自己的心意,人也在造他们的主手中,任凭他随意赐予他们。As clay in the hand of the potter— for all his ways are as he pleases— so men are in the hand of him who made them, to give them as he decides.
- 14.善与恶相反,生与死相反;同样,罪人与义人相反。Good is the opposite of evil, and life the opposite of death; so the sinner is the opposite of the godly.
- 15.观察上帝所作的一切工作,它们也成双成对,一正一反。Look upon all the works of the Most High; they likewise are in pairs, one the opposite of the other.
- 16.我是最后一个守望的人,我好像是在葡萄采摘的人之后拾遗的人,靠着耶和华的福气,我胜过了别人,好像葡萄采摘的人,我装满了我的酒榨。I was the last on watch; I was like one who gleans after the grape-gatherers; by the blessing of the Lord I excelled, and like a grape-gatherer I filled my wine press.
- 17.我所做的不仅是为自己,也是为所有寻求教诲的人。Consider that I have not labored for myself alone, but for all who seek instruction.
- 18.你们民中为大者和会众的官长,请听。Hear me, you who are great among the people, and you leaders of the congregation, hearken.
- 19.独立的优势 对于儿子或妻子,对于兄弟或朋友,不要在你生存的期间将权力交给他们,也不要将你的财产交给别人,否则你可能会改变主意并不得不请求归还。The Advantage of Independence To son or wife, to brother or friend, do not give power over yourself, as long as you live; and do not give your property to another, lest you change your mind and must ask for it.
- 20.在你还活着、还有一口气在的时候,不要让任何人取代你的位置。While you are still alive and have breath in you, do not let any one take your place.
- 21.因为你孩子向你讨要比你向你儿子讨要要好。For it is better that your children should ask from you than that you should look to the hand of you sons.
- 22.在你们所做的一切事上要excel;不要让你的荣誉蒙上污点。 一切所做的都要出色,不要玷污你的荣誉。Excel in all that you do; bring no stain upon your honor.
- 23.当你结束生命的日子,在死的时刻,分配你的产业。At the time when you end the days of your life, in the hour of death, distribute your inheritance.
- 24.奴隶的待遇 饲料和棍子是给驴的负担,面包和管教和工作是给奴隶的。The Treatment of Slaves Fodder and a stick and burdens for an ass; bread and discipline and work for a servant.
- 25.让你的仆人工作,你就会找到休息;让他的手闲置,他就会寻求自由。Set your slave to work, and you will find rest; leave his hands idle, and he will seek liberty.
- 26.轭和绳索能使颈项低头,恶仆有刑杖和痛苦。Yoke and thong will bow the neck, and for a wicked servant there are racks and tortures.
- 27.让他工作,这样他就不会懒惰,因为懒惰教会了很多邪恶。Put him to work, that he may not be idle, for idleness teaches much evil.
- 28.让他按照他的身份去做事,如果他不服从,就加重他的锁链。Set him to work, as is fitting for him, and if he does not obey, make his fetters heavy.
- 29.不要对任何人过度行事,也不要做没有考虑的事情。Do not act immoderately toward anybody, and do nothing without discretion.
- 30.如果你有仆人,就要像对待自己一样,因为你是用血把他买来的。If you have a servant, let him be as yourself, because you have bought him with blood.
- 31.如果你有一个仆人,就要像对待兄弟一样对待他,因为你会像需要自己的生命一样需要他。如果你虐待他,他离开并逃跑,你将到哪里去寻找他?If you have a servant, treat him as a brother, for as your own soul you will need him. If you ill-treat him, and he leaves and runs away, which way will you go to seek him?
