《便西拉智训》17 章——创造、圣约与悔改之召

《便西拉智训》17 章描述神如何装备人类:赋予理性、治理之权与圣约;随后警告说,神鉴察人的一切行为,并在生命之光熄灭之前呼召罪人悔改。

德训篇

第17章

  1. 1.主用地造人,又使人归于地。The Lord created man out of earth, and turned him back to it again.
  2. 2.他给了人有限的日子,但却赐予他们管理地上万物的权柄。He gave to men few days, a limited time, but granted them authority over the things upon the earth.
  3. 3.他将自己的力量赐予他们,并照着自己的形象造他们。He endowed them with strength like his own, and made them in his own image.
  4. 4.他使所有活物都惧怕他们,并使他们统治野兽和空中的鸟。He placed the fear of them in all living beings, and granted them dominion over beasts and birds.
  5. 6.他为他们造了舌头和眼睛,又赐给他们耳朵和思考的脑袋。He made for them tongue and eyes; he gave them ears and a mind for thinking.
  6. 7.他用知识和聪明充满了他们,又将善恶指示他们。He filled them with knowledge and understanding, and showed them good and evil.
  7. 8.他使他们的心注视他的作为,显明他所做的威严。He set his eye upon their hearts to show them the majesty of his works.
  8. 10.他们将称颂他的圣名,宣扬他所做的一切伟大事工。And they will praise his holy name, to proclaim the grandeur of his works.
  9. 11.他赐予他们知识,并将生存的律法赐给他们。He bestowed knowledge upon them, and allotted to them the law of life.
  10. 12.他与他们立了永远的约,并将他的典章指示他们。He established with them an eternal covenant, and showed them his judgments.
  11. 13.他们的眼睛看见了他的荣耀威严,他们的耳朵听见了他声音的荣耀。Their eyes saw his glorious majesty, and their ears heard the glory of his voice.
  12. 14.他对他们说:“要提防一切不公义。”又吩咐他们各人要关心邻舍。And he said to them, “Beware of all unrighteousness.” And he gave commandment to each of them concerning his neighbor.
  13. 15.他们的道路常在他面前,他们的行为不会被他眼所隐藏。Their ways are always before him, they will not be hid from his eyes.
  14. 17.他为每个国家设立了管辖者,但以色列是耶和华自己的份。He appointed a ruler for every nation, but Israel is the Lord’s own portion.
  15. 19.他们所做的一切事在他面前都像阳光一样,他的眼睛时时都察看他们的行为。All their works are as the sun before him, and his eyes are continually upon their ways.
  16. 20.他们的不义不向他隐藏,他们所有的罪孽都在主面前。Their iniquities are not hidden from him, and all their sins are before the Lord.
  17. 22.一个人的施舍在主面前就像一个印记,主也会把人的恩惠存放在眼中的苹果里。A man’s almsgiving is like a signet with the Lord, and he will keep a person’s kindness like the apple of his eye.
  18. 23.其后他必起来报复他们,将他们的报应加在他们的头上。Afterward he will arise and requite them, and he will bring their recompense on their heads.
  19. 24.然而,对于那些悔改的人,他赐予他们回转的机会,并鼓励那些几乎失去忍耐的信徒。Yet to those who repent he grants a return, and he encourages those whose endurance is failing.
  20. 25.悔改的呼召 向主转向,舍弃你的罪过;在他面前祷告,减少你的过犯。A Call to Repentance Turn to the Lord and forsake your sins; pray in his presence and lessen your offenses.
  21. 26.归向至高者,离开邪恶,极其憎恶可憎之事。Return to the Most High and turn away from iniquity, and hate abominations intensely.
  22. 27.在阴间,谁会向至高者歌唱赞美,像活着的人一样感谢他?Who will sing praises to the Most High in Hades, as do those who are alive and give thanks?
  23. 28.从死人那里,就像从不存在的人那里一样,感恩已经停止;那活着健康的人唱主的赞美。From the dead, as from one who does not exist, thanksgiving has ceased; he who is alive and well sings the Lord’s praises.
  24. 29.主的慈悲是何等的大,他对那些归向他的人又有何等的饶恕!How great is the mercy of the Lord, and his forgiveness for those who turn to him!
  25. 30.因为所有的事物不能在人身上都具备,因为人是有限的,不是永生的。For all things cannot be in men, since a son of man is not immortal.
  26. 31.比太阳更明亮的是什么呢?然而它的光却失败了。如此,血肉之躯谋划邪恶。What is brighter than the sun? Yet its light fails. So flesh and blood devise evil.
  27. 32.他统率天上的万军,但所有的人都不过是尘土和灰烬。He marshals the host of the height of heaven; but all men are dust and ashes.

这段经文的意思

《便西拉智训》17 章开篇追溯神对始祖的恩赐:以泥土塑造(第 1 节)、赐予有限年日与权柄(第 2 节)、以类似神的大能为其穿戴,并以神的形象塑造他(第 3 节)、赐予他管辖动物的权柄(第 4 节)。其中“如神一般的能力”与“神自己的形象”这类用语,并非将人描绘为自主的存在,而是强调人乃被托付的相似者;这一前提为后文对这一受造之物在造物主面前须尽本分的道德要求奠定了基础。

中段转向圣约与神的全知。人类领受了舌头、眼睛、耳朵与心智(第 6 节);善恶得以显明(第 7 节);神鉴察人的心(第 8 节)。一份“永远的约”及其典章得以确立(第 11–12 节),百姓的眼目得见神威严的荣耀(第 13 节)。尤为重要的是,“他们的行为常在神面前,不能隐瞒于他的眼目”(第 15 节)。即便神将治理者分派于列邦,祂仍将“以色列”作为“主自己的产业”(第 17 节)保留下来——这是在普世治理之中的一项独特拣选。

末段发出警告与邀请。罪孽无法隐藏(第 20 节);施舍被珍藏,“如同眼中的瞳人”(第 22 节),然而主“必兴起,施行报应”(第 23 节)。对于悔改之人,祂“赐下归回”,并“扶持那将要丧失耐心的”(第 24 节)。那声呼召——“归向主,离弃你的罪”(第 25 节)——因一个发人深省的质问而更显锋利:在阴间谁能称谢神呢?(第 27 节)既然人之子并非不朽(第 30 节),连太阳的光也要熄灭(第 31 节),悔改就必须在当下完成。

背景

所提供的章节注释表明,本文本属于对《便西拉智训》中非 P0/P1 优先章节的补录,未附引言、分段标题或评论。经文本身显示,第 17 章可清晰分为三个段落:人类的装备(第 1–4、6–8 节)、圣约与神的鉴察(第 10–15、17、19–20 节),以及带有人性有限之提醒的悔改呼召(第 22–32 节)。文中“在第 25 节之前出现了一个标题‘悔改之召’”,标志着进入最后劝勉的转折。

第 5、9、16、18、21 节未见于所提供的经文列表中,因此第 4 与 6 节之间、第 8 与 10 节之间、第 15 与 17 节之间的衔接脉络,在现有材料中无法呈现。任何针对这些衔接处的研究,都须参照完整章节,而非仅凭所摘录的片段。

常见问题

为何以色列在论述全人类的一章中被称作“主自己的产业”(第 17 节)?

本章先叙述赐予全人类的恩典——形象、治理、圣约、律法——继而才将以色列单独标出,作为神特殊的基业。此节以“治理列邦的统治者”与一种特殊关系相对照,但并未取消前文关于人类尊严的论述。

《便西拉智训》17 章是否认为人可以借施舍赚取救恩?

经文称施舍被珍藏,“如同眼中的瞳人”(第 22 节),但同一语境同时强调神对罪恶的报应(第 23 节)、悔改之必要(第 25–26 节)以及人必有一死(第 30 节)。施舍在文中乃被呈现为神所珍视保守之物,而非替代人归向神。

第 27 节“在阴间”称谢的是谁?作者为何提出这一质问?

这一修辞性提问预设的前提是:死人不再献上称谢(第 28 节);因此,称谢只能出于活着的人。作者借此凸显当下悔改的紧迫——趁着人尚有气息、仍能称谢之时,便当立即回转。

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