德训篇 3 —— 尊敬、谦卑与施舍
德训篇 3 汇集三条智慧训诲:孝敬父亲母亲,躬行谦卑,并以施舍作为赎罪之举。
德训篇
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德训篇
第3章
- 1.听从我,你的父亲,孩子们,并且遵行,这样你们就可以安全。Duties toward Parents Listen to me your father, O children; and act accordingly, that you may be kept in safety.
- 2.因为主尊敬父亲高于子女,并且他确认了母亲对儿子的权利。For the Lord honored the father above the children, and he confirmed the right of the mother over her sons.
- 3.凡尊敬父母的,赎罪得福Whoever honors his father atones for sins,
- 4.凡尊敬母亲的,好像积蓄财宝。and whoever glorifies his mother is like one who lays up treasure.
- 5.凡尊敬自己父親的,必得子女的喜樂;他祈禱的時候,也必蒙垂聽。Whoever honors his father will be gladdened by his own children, and when he prays he will be heard.
- 6.凡是荣耀他父亲的,必得长寿,凡是听从主的,必使母亲欢喜;Whoever glorifies his father will have long life, and whoever obeys the Lord will refresh his mother;
- 7.他将像侍奉主人一样侍奉他的父母。he will serve his parents as his masters.
- 8.用言语和行为孝敬你的父亲,这样你的父亲就会给你带来祝福。Honor your father by word and deed, that a blessing from him may come upon you.
- 9.父亲的祝福使子女的家园坚固,但母亲的咒骂却会毁坏他们的根基。For a father’s blessing strengthens the houses of the children, but a mother’s curse uproots their foundations.
- 10.不要以侮辱父亲为荣,因为父亲的羞辱对你来说也不是荣耀。Do not glorify yourself by dishonoring your father, for your father’s dishonor is no glory to you.
- 11.人的荣耀在于尊敬他的父亲,儿女不尊敬母亲是可耻的。For a man’s glory comes from honoring his father, and it is a disgrace for children not to respect their mother.
- 12.儿子啊,你要在父亲年老的时候帮助他,不要让他一生都忧虑;O son, help your father in his old age, and do not grieve him as long as he lives;
- 13.即使他缺乏理解,也要容忍他;凭着你所有的力量,不要轻视他。even if he is lacking in understanding, show forbearance; in all your strength do not despise him.
- 14.对父亲的仁慈不会被忘记,对你的罪过也会被算为你的功德;For kindness to a father will not be forgotten, and against your sins it will be credited to you;
- 15.在你受苦的日子里,这将成为你的恩典;就像好天气里的霜一样,你的罪孽将消失。in the day of your affliction it will be remembered in your favor; as frost in fair weather, your sins will melt away.
- 16.抛弃父亲的,好像亵渎神的;惹母亲生气的,必受耶和华的咒诅。Whoever forsakes his father is like a blasphemer, and whoever angers his mother is cursed by the Lord.
- 17.谦逊 我的儿子,你要以谦卑的心去做事,这样你就会被上帝所悦纳的人所爱戴。Humility My son, perform your tasks in meekness; then you will be loved by those whom God accepts.
- 18.你越是伟大,就越要谦卑自己,这样你才能在主的眼中蒙恩。The greater you are, the more you must humble yourself; so you will find favor in the sight of the Lord.
- 20.因为主的能力甚大,他被谦卑的人荣耀。For great is the might of the Lord; he is glorified by the humble.
- 21.不要追求超出你能力的事,也不要探究超出你力量的事。Seek not what is too difficult for you, nor investigate what is beyond your power.
- 22.反思你所拥有的,因为你不需要隐藏的东西。Reflect upon what has been assigned to you, for you do not need what is hidden.
- 23.不要干预超出你职责范围的事,因为已经向你显现了超出人类理解的奥秘。Do not meddle in what is beyond your tasks, for matters too great for human understanding have been shown you.
- 24.他们草率的判断使许多人误入歧途,错误的观念使他们的思想发生偏差。For their hasty judgment has led many astray, and wrong opinion has caused their thoughts to slip.
- 26.固执自己的心必然受苦,爱好危险的人必然被危险所灭。A stubborn mind will be afflicted at the end, and whoever loves danger will perish by it.
- 27.固执的思想会被烦恼所困扰,罪人会一罪又一罪。A stubborn mind will be burdened by troubles, and the sinner will heap sin upon sin.
- 28.骄傲人的祸患无人医治,因为邪恶的根已经长在他里面。The affliction of the proud has no healing, for a plant of wickedness has taken root in him.
- 29.聪明人的心思会思考一个比喻,谨慎的耳朵是智慧人所渴望的。The mind of the intelligent man will ponder a parable, and an attentive ear is the wise man’s desire.
- 30.施舍给穷人 水能浇灭烈火:施舍也能赎罪。Alms for the Poor Water extinguishes a blazing fire: so almsgiving atones for sin.
- 31.报答恩惠的人必为将来着想,到了他跌倒的时候必得支持。Whoever requites favors gives thought to the future; at the moment of his falling he will find support.
这段经文的意思
开篇单元(1–16 节)将孝敬父母框定为一项带有具体果效的宗教职责。孝敬父亲母亲与罪过的赦免(第 3 节)、积存的宝藏(第 4 节)、祷告的应允(第 5 节)、长久的日子(第 6 节)以及家室的稳固(第 9 节)相联系。经文对父亲与母亲使用对称的语言,同时也区分其角色:父亲为上主所尊荣,母亲对儿子有确定的权利(第 2 节)。不敬被以严厉的方式呈现——与亵渎和神明的诅咒相比(第 16 节)。照顾年老智昏的父母也被纳入这一职责之中(12–13 节),善待父亲被说成可以抵消人的罪孽(第 14 节)。
中间部分(17–29 节)由家庭关系转向内心品格。行事温谦带来神的悦纳(第 17 节),身份越高,越当谦卑自己(第 18 节)。对逾越本分地追根究底的警告——「勿求你所难解的事」(第 21 节)——其神学根基在第 20 节:上主的大能可畏,谦卑人光荣祂。本章接着描述顽梗心思的后果:祸患、罪孽累积,以及一棵「无法医治的邪恶之树」(26–28 节)。聪慧与专心被作为顽梗的正面对照呈现(第 29 节)。
结尾单元(第 30 节)简短却神学意味深长:「施舍赎罪」,并与「水能熄灭烈火」的箴言并列。第 31 节进一步应许:报答恩惠的人,在他跌倒时必得扶持。这使得施舍不仅是慈善,而是一种具有末世效力的道德行为,融入本章贯穿始终、以孝敬父母部分开启的赎罪主题之中。
背景
所提供本章分为三个有标题的单元:「对父母的职责」(1–16 节)、「谦卑」(17–29 节)、「施济穷人」(30–31 节)。随第 30 节所附的「施济穷人」标题标示出一个主题上的转折,正与本章从家庭伦理转向施舍之赎罪大能相合。所提供文本中略去了第 19 节与第 25 节,且未附任何交叉引用或原文词条,因此本处的讨论严格限于本章自身所述。精心整理的本章注释仅记录:该章是从德训篇中在不属优先层级的篇章中补录而来,未含额外的诠释内容。
在本章之中,连结家庭之尊、谦卑与施舍的神学逻辑是内在的,并不依赖于外在传统。第 3 节中关于赎罪(「赎罪」)的语言,与第 30 节几乎相同的表述(「施舍赎罪」)构成一个框架:家庭内部的尊敬与对穷人的怜悯,二者都被呈现为罪得以处置的通道。谦卑部分则提供了支撑外在行为的内在品格——在神面前谦卑自己(第 18 节)的人,正是那孝敬父母、施舍行善的人。
常见问题
为什么德训篇说孝敬父母「可以赎罪」?
就本章自身的逻辑而言,孝敬父亲母亲被呈现为与其他义行具有同等赎罪分量的行为(参第 3 节,该短语与第 30 节论施舍之言彼此呼应)。经文将此框架为一道神圣的定规:上主使父亲尊于子女(第 2 节),故不敬乃严重的罪过,而尊敬则带来祝福、祷告的应允与长久的日子(5–6 节)。在没有外部资料的情况下,本章将孝敬父母视为罪得以处置的途径之一,与施舍和谦卑并列。
论父母、谦卑与施舍三部分如何相互关联?
本章以「罪如何被对付」这同一关切将三者联系起来。孝敬父母「赎罪」(第 3 节),谦卑蒙上主——祂的大能可畏——的悦纳(第 20 节),施舍「赎罪」(第 30 节)。三者共同构成一组三重的对照:家庭中的正当关系、在神面前的正当姿态、对贫乏者的正当行动——在本章中都作为对付罪、赢得恩宠的回应而呈现。
本章对探究「过于困难」之事发出何种警告?
21–24 节警戒读者不要追寻超出人力所及的探究。其给出的原因是出于牧养关怀:许多人因草率的判断而迷失,错谬的见解使人思想滑跌(第 24 节)。其神学根基在第 20 节——上主的大能可畏——因此谦卑,而非智识上的僭越,才是合宜的姿态。本章将此事呈现为关乎道德与灵性安危的问题,而不仅仅是智识上的谦逊。
