德训篇 3 —— 尊敬、谦卑与施舍

德训篇 3 汇集三条智慧训诲:孝敬父亲母亲,躬行谦卑,并以施舍作为赎罪之举。

德训篇

第3章

  1. 1.听从我,你的父亲,孩子们,并且遵行,这样你们就可以安全。Duties toward Parents Listen to me your father, O children; and act accordingly, that you may be kept in safety.
  2. 2.因为主尊敬父亲高于子女,并且他确认了母亲对儿子的权利。For the Lord honored the father above the children, and he confirmed the right of the mother over her sons.
  3. 3.凡尊敬父母的,赎罪得福Whoever honors his father atones for sins,
  4. 4.凡尊敬母亲的,好像积蓄财宝。and whoever glorifies his mother is like one who lays up treasure.
  5. 5.凡尊敬自己父親的,必得子女的喜樂;他祈禱的時候,也必蒙垂聽。Whoever honors his father will be gladdened by his own children, and when he prays he will be heard.
  6. 6.凡是荣耀他父亲的,必得长寿,凡是听从主的,必使母亲欢喜;Whoever glorifies his father will have long life, and whoever obeys the Lord will refresh his mother;
  7. 7.他将像侍奉主人一样侍奉他的父母。he will serve his parents as his masters.
  8. 8.用言语和行为孝敬你的父亲,这样你的父亲就会给你带来祝福。Honor your father by word and deed, that a blessing from him may come upon you.
  9. 9.父亲的祝福使子女的家园坚固,但母亲的咒骂却会毁坏他们的根基。For a father’s blessing strengthens the houses of the children, but a mother’s curse uproots their foundations.
  10. 10.不要以侮辱父亲为荣,因为父亲的羞辱对你来说也不是荣耀。Do not glorify yourself by dishonoring your father, for your father’s dishonor is no glory to you.
  11. 11.人的荣耀在于尊敬他的父亲,儿女不尊敬母亲是可耻的。For a man’s glory comes from honoring his father, and it is a disgrace for children not to respect their mother.
  12. 12.儿子啊,你要在父亲年老的时候帮助他,不要让他一生都忧虑;O son, help your father in his old age, and do not grieve him as long as he lives;
  13. 13.即使他缺乏理解,也要容忍他;凭着你所有的力量,不要轻视他。even if he is lacking in understanding, show forbearance; in all your strength do not despise him.
  14. 14.对父亲的仁慈不会被忘记,对你的罪过也会被算为你的功德;For kindness to a father will not be forgotten, and against your sins it will be credited to you;
  15. 15.在你受苦的日子里,这将成为你的恩典;就像好天气里的霜一样,你的罪孽将消失。in the day of your affliction it will be remembered in your favor; as frost in fair weather, your sins will melt away.
  16. 16.抛弃父亲的,好像亵渎神的;惹母亲生气的,必受耶和华的咒诅。Whoever forsakes his father is like a blasphemer, and whoever angers his mother is cursed by the Lord.
  17. 17.谦逊 我的儿子,你要以谦卑的心去做事,这样你就会被上帝所悦纳的人所爱戴。Humility My son, perform your tasks in meekness; then you will be loved by those whom God accepts.
  18. 18.你越是伟大,就越要谦卑自己,这样你才能在主的眼中蒙恩。The greater you are, the more you must humble yourself; so you will find favor in the sight of the Lord.
  19. 20.因为主的能力甚大,他被谦卑的人荣耀。For great is the might of the Lord; he is glorified by the humble.
  20. 21.不要追求超出你能力的事,也不要探究超出你力量的事。Seek not what is too difficult for you, nor investigate what is beyond your power.
  21. 22.反思你所拥有的,因为你不需要隐藏的东西。Reflect upon what has been assigned to you, for you do not need what is hidden.
  22. 23.不要干预超出你职责范围的事,因为已经向你显现了超出人类理解的奥秘。Do not meddle in what is beyond your tasks, for matters too great for human understanding have been shown you.
  23. 24.他们草率的判断使许多人误入歧途,错误的观念使他们的思想发生偏差。For their hasty judgment has led many astray, and wrong opinion has caused their thoughts to slip.
  24. 26.固执自己的心必然受苦,爱好危险的人必然被危险所灭。A stubborn mind will be afflicted at the end, and whoever loves danger will perish by it.
  25. 27.固执的思想会被烦恼所困扰,罪人会一罪又一罪。A stubborn mind will be burdened by troubles, and the sinner will heap sin upon sin.
  26. 28.骄傲人的祸患无人医治,因为邪恶的根已经长在他里面。The affliction of the proud has no healing, for a plant of wickedness has taken root in him.
  27. 29.聪明人的心思会思考一个比喻,谨慎的耳朵是智慧人所渴望的。The mind of the intelligent man will ponder a parable, and an attentive ear is the wise man’s desire.
  28. 30.施舍给穷人 水能浇灭烈火:施舍也能赎罪。Alms for the Poor Water extinguishes a blazing fire: so almsgiving atones for sin.
  29. 31.报答恩惠的人必为将来着想,到了他跌倒的时候必得支持。Whoever requites favors gives thought to the future; at the moment of his falling he will find support.

这段经文的意思

开篇单元(1–16 节)将孝敬父母框定为一项带有具体果效的宗教职责。孝敬父亲母亲与罪过的赦免(第 3 节)、积存的宝藏(第 4 节)、祷告的应允(第 5 节)、长久的日子(第 6 节)以及家室的稳固(第 9 节)相联系。经文对父亲与母亲使用对称的语言,同时也区分其角色:父亲为上主所尊荣,母亲对儿子有确定的权利(第 2 节)。不敬被以严厉的方式呈现——与亵渎和神明的诅咒相比(第 16 节)。照顾年老智昏的父母也被纳入这一职责之中(12–13 节),善待父亲被说成可以抵消人的罪孽(第 14 节)。

中间部分(17–29 节)由家庭关系转向内心品格。行事温谦带来神的悦纳(第 17 节),身份越高,越当谦卑自己(第 18 节)。对逾越本分地追根究底的警告——「勿求你所难解的事」(第 21 节)——其神学根基在第 20 节:上主的大能可畏,谦卑人光荣祂。本章接着描述顽梗心思的后果:祸患、罪孽累积,以及一棵「无法医治的邪恶之树」(26–28 节)。聪慧与专心被作为顽梗的正面对照呈现(第 29 节)。

结尾单元(第 30 节)简短却神学意味深长:「施舍赎罪」,并与「水能熄灭烈火」的箴言并列。第 31 节进一步应许:报答恩惠的人,在他跌倒时必得扶持。这使得施舍不仅是慈善,而是一种具有末世效力的道德行为,融入本章贯穿始终、以孝敬父母部分开启的赎罪主题之中。

背景

所提供本章分为三个有标题的单元:「对父母的职责」(1–16 节)、「谦卑」(17–29 节)、「施济穷人」(30–31 节)。随第 30 节所附的「施济穷人」标题标示出一个主题上的转折,正与本章从家庭伦理转向施舍之赎罪大能相合。所提供文本中略去了第 19 节与第 25 节,且未附任何交叉引用或原文词条,因此本处的讨论严格限于本章自身所述。精心整理的本章注释仅记录:该章是从德训篇中在不属优先层级的篇章中补录而来,未含额外的诠释内容。

在本章之中,连结家庭之尊、谦卑与施舍的神学逻辑是内在的,并不依赖于外在传统。第 3 节中关于赎罪(「赎罪」)的语言,与第 30 节几乎相同的表述(「施舍赎罪」)构成一个框架:家庭内部的尊敬与对穷人的怜悯,二者都被呈现为罪得以处置的通道。谦卑部分则提供了支撑外在行为的内在品格——在神面前谦卑自己(第 18 节)的人,正是那孝敬父母、施舍行善的人。

常见问题

为什么德训篇说孝敬父母「可以赎罪」?

就本章自身的逻辑而言,孝敬父亲母亲被呈现为与其他义行具有同等赎罪分量的行为(参第 3 节,该短语与第 30 节论施舍之言彼此呼应)。经文将此框架为一道神圣的定规:上主使父亲尊于子女(第 2 节),故不敬乃严重的罪过,而尊敬则带来祝福、祷告的应允与长久的日子(5–6 节)。在没有外部资料的情况下,本章将孝敬父母视为罪得以处置的途径之一,与施舍和谦卑并列。

论父母、谦卑与施舍三部分如何相互关联?

本章以「罪如何被对付」这同一关切将三者联系起来。孝敬父母「赎罪」(第 3 节),谦卑蒙上主——祂的大能可畏——的悦纳(第 20 节),施舍「赎罪」(第 30 节)。三者共同构成一组三重的对照:家庭中的正当关系、在神面前的正当姿态、对贫乏者的正当行动——在本章中都作为对付罪、赢得恩宠的回应而呈现。

本章对探究「过于困难」之事发出何种警告?

21–24 节警戒读者不要追寻超出人力所及的探究。其给出的原因是出于牧养关怀:许多人因草率的判断而迷失,错谬的见解使人思想滑跌(第 24 节)。其神学根基在第 20 节——上主的大能可畏——因此谦卑,而非智识上的僭越,才是合宜的姿态。本章将此事呈现为关乎道德与灵性安危的问题,而不仅仅是智识上的谦逊。

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