圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第30章
- 1.爱他的儿子的人必常常鞭打他,为了使他将来能走正道而欢喜。He who loves his son will whip him often, in order that he may rejoice at the way he turns out.
- 2.管教儿子的必得益处,并且可以在朋友中夸耀他。He who disciplines his son will profit by him, and will boast of him among acquaintances.
- 3.教导儿子的,那人使他的敌人羡慕,并且在朋友面前夸耀他。He who teaches his son will make his enemies envious, and will glory in him in the presence of friends.
- 4.父亲可能会死去,但他并没有死,因为他留下了一个与他一样的人;The father may die, and yet he is not dead, for he has left behind him one like himself;
- 5.他活着的时候看见并且欢喜,死了的时候也不悲伤;while alive he saw and rejoiced, and when he died he was not grieved;
- 6.他留下了一个为他向敌人报仇的伸冤者,也留下了一个为他的朋友报答恩惠的人。he has left behind him an avenger against his enemies, and one to repay the kindness of his friends.
- 7.纵容儿子的,必为他裹伤,随时听见儿子哭声,就会心烦。He who spoils his son will bind up his wounds, and his feelings will be troubled at every cry.
- 8.未经训练的马会变得很倔强,未受管教的儿子也会变得任性。A horse that is untamed turns out to be stubborn, and a son unrestrained turns out to be wilful.
- 9.纵容孩子,他将令你害怕;娇惯他,他将给你带来烦恼。Pamper a child, and he will frighten you; play with him, and he will give you grief.
- 10.不要与他同笑,否则你将与他同悲,并且最终你会切齿痛恨。Do not laugh with him, lest you have sorrow with him, and in the end you will gnash your teeth.
- 11.不要在他年轻时给他权柄,也不要忽视他的错误。Give him no authority in his youth, and do not ignore his errors.
- 12.在他年轻时使他的脖子屈服,在他还是孩子的时候打他的腰部,否则他长大后会变得顽固不听话,你将会因他而心灵忧伤。Bow down his neck in his youth, and beat his sides while he is young, lest he become stubborn and disobey you, and you have sorrow of soul from him.
- 13.管教你的儿子,并且要费心于他,这样你就不会因为他的放纵而感到羞耻。Discipline your son and take pains with him, that you may not be offended by his shamelessness.
- 14.一个身体健康、体格强壮的穷人比一个身体严重受苦的富人更好。Better off is a poor man who is well and strong in constitution than a rich man who is severely afflicted in body.
- 15.健康和健全比所有的黄金都更宝贵,强壮的身体比无数的财富更有价值。Health and soundness are better than all gold, and a robust body than countless riches.
- 16.没有比身体健康更好的财富,也没有比心灵的喜乐更大的欢乐。There is no wealth better than health of body, and there is no gladness above joy of heart.
- 17.死亡比痛苦的生活更好,永恒的休息比慢性疾病更好。Death is better than a miserable life, and eternal rest than chronic sickness.
- 18.对一个闭紧的嘴巴倾倒好事,就像把食物的祭品放在坟墓上。Good things poured out upon a mouth that is closed are like offerings of food placed upon a grave.
- 19.对偶像献上水果有什么用呢?因为它既不能吃也不能闻到气味。同样,凡受耶和华击打的人;Of what use to an idol is an offering of fruit? For it can neither eat nor smell. So is he who is afflicted by the Lord;
- 20.他用眼睛观看,发出哀叹的声音,好像太监抱着少女而叹息一样。he sees with his eyes and groans, like a eunuch who embraces a maiden and groans.
- 21.不要任由自己陷入悲伤,也不要故意折磨自己。Do not give yourself over to sorrow, and do not afflict yourself deliberately.
- 22.心中的喜乐是人的生命,人的欢喜是延长日子Gladness of heart is the life of man, and the rejoicing of a man is length of days.
- 23.使你的灵魂欢喜,安慰你的心,除去你远离忧愁,因为忧愁使很多人衰败,并且它毫无益处。Delight your soul and comfort your heart, and remove sorrow far from you, for sorrow has destroyed many, and there is no profit in it.
- 24.嫉妒和愤怒会缩短生命,忧虑也会使人过早衰老。Jealousy and anger shorten life, and anxiety brings on old age too soon.
- 25.一个心情愉快、心地善良的人会注意他所吃的食物。A man of cheerful and good heart will give heed to the food he eats.
