《便西拉智训》18 章——上帝的威严、怜悯与自我约束
第 18 章首先宣告上帝无可比拟的大能与怜悯,继而转向切实的智慧:在施舍时以温和之言相伴,许愿之前先自省,并对私欲有所节制。
德训篇
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德训篇
第18章
- 1.上帝的威严 永生者的上帝创造了整个宇宙;The Majesty of God He who lives for ever created the whole universe;
- 2.主独自被宣告为义。the Lord alone will be declared righteous.
- 4.没有人能宣扬他的作为,谁也不能寻究他的伟大作为。To none has he given power to proclaim his works; and who can search out his mighty deeds?
- 5.谁能衡量他的威严大力?谁能详细述说他的慈悲?Who can measure his majestic power? And who can fully recount his mercies?
- 6.它们既不能减少也不能增加,而且主的奇妙事也不能穷尽。It is not possible to diminish or increase them, nor is it possible to trace the wonders of the Lord.
- 7.当一个人完成了一件事时,他才刚刚开始,而当他停止时,他就会感到困惑。When a man has finished, he is just beginning, and when he stops, he will be at a loss.
- 8.人类是什么,人类有什么用处?什么是他的善,什么是他的恶?What is man, and of what use is he? What is his good and what is his evil?
- 9.一个人的日子如果能活到一百岁,那就是很多了。The number of a man’s days is great if he reaches a hundred years.
- 10.就像大海中的一滴水和沙漠中的一粒沙子一样,在永恒的日子里,几年只是短暂的一瞬间。Like a drop of water from the sea and a grain of sand so are a few years in the day of eternity.
- 11.因此上帝对他们忍耐,并向他们施行慈悲。Therefore the Lord is patient with them and pours out his mercy upon them.
- 12.他看见并知道他们的结局是邪恶的,因此他大量赐予他们宽恕。He sees and recognizes that their end will be evil; therefore he grants them forgiveness in abundance.
- 13.人的慈悲是对待他的邻舍,但耶和华的慈悲是对一切活物。他责备、管教、教导他们,并使他们回转,好像牧人管他的羊群一样。The compassion of man is for his neighbor, but the compassion of the Lord is for all living beings. He rebukes and trains and teaches them, and turns them back, as a shepherd his flock.
- 14.他怜悯那些接受他管教和热切等待他判断的人。He has compassion on those who accept his discipline and who are eager for his judgments.
- 15.我的儿子,不要把责备混在你的善行中,也不要让你的言语在你献上礼物时带来悲伤。The Right Spirit in Giving Alms My son, do not mix reproach with your good deeds, nor cause grief by your words when you present a gift.
- 16.露水难道不能消除酷热吗?同样,话语比礼物更好。Does not the dew assuage the scorching heat? So a word is better than a gift.
- 17.的确,一言之重于善赠,二者都能在一个有恩惠的人身上找到。Indeed, does not a word surpass a good gift? Both are to be found in a gracious man.
- 18.愚昧人是没有礼貌和辱骂他人,勉强给人的礼物使人眼目昏暗。A fool is ungracious and abusive, and the gift of a grudging man makes the eyes dim.
- 19.在说话之前要反思,在学习之前要自律,在生病之前要保重健康。The Need of Reflection and Self-control Before you speak, learn, and before you fall ill, take care of your health.
- 20.在审判之前先审视自己,在探访的时刻你就会找到宽恕。Before judgment, examine yourself, and in the hour of visitation you will find forgiveness.
- 21.患病之前要谦卑自己,当你即将犯罪时,回头吧。Before falling ill, humble yourself, and when you are on the point of sinning, turn back.
- 22.不要让任何事情阻止你及时还愿,也不要等到死才从中解脱。Let nothing hinder you from paying a vow promptly, and do not wait until death to be released from it.
- 23.许愿之前先准备自己,不要像一个试探主的男人。Before making a vow, prepare yourself; and do not be like a man who tempts the Lord.
- 24.想想他在死的那日的愤怒和他转脸的时候的报应时刻。Think of his wrath on the day of death, and of the moment of vengeance when he turns away his face.
- 25.丰足的时候要想到饥饿的时候,富有的时候要想到贫穷和需要。In the time of plenty think of the time of hunger; in the days of wealth think of poverty and need.
- 26.从早晨到晚上情况在变化,万物在主面前迅速移动。From morning to evening conditions change, and all things move swiftly before the Lord.
- 27.一个智慧的人对一切事都很谨慎,在罪恶的日子里,他防止自己作恶。A wise man is cautious in everything, and in days of sin he guards against wrongdoing.
- 28.每一个聪明的人都知道智慧,并且赞美发现她的那个人。Every intelligent man knows wisdom, and he praises the one who finds her.
- 29.明白箴言的人自己也变得聪明,充满了恰当的箴语。Those who understand sayings become skilled themselves, and pour forth apt proverbs.
- 30.不要随从私欲,要抑制自己的情欲。Do not follow your base desires, but restrain your appetites.
- 31.如果你让你的灵魂沉溺于低劣的欲望中,它会使你成为敌人嘲笑的对象。If you allow your soul to take pleasure in base desire, it will make you the laughingstock of your enemies.
- 32.不要沉溺于奢侈的享乐,否则你会因其耗费而变得贫穷。Do not revel in great luxury, lest you become impoverished by its expense.
- 33.不要用借来的钱宴请客人而使自己变成乞丐,当你钱袋里一无所有时。Do not become a beggar by feasting with borrowed money, when you have nothing in your purse.
这段经文的意思
第 1–14 节将上帝描绘为整个宇宙的创造者,其一切公义作为唯独属于主。人类的言语无法尽数述说他大能的作为,无法衡量他威严的大能,也无法穷尽他的奇事;人越是探究,所遗留的便越多。人的一生,纵然活到百岁,相对于永恒而言,也不过如同一滴水或一粒沙。本段以此觉悟作为上帝恒久忍耐的根基:因上帝晓得人终将归于邪恶,他便倾倒怜悯与丰厚的赦免,如牧人般加以督责,并向那些领受他管教的人格外施予慈爱。
第 15–18 节转向施舍背后应有的心志。伴随着斥责或忧伤的言语所献上的礼物,便失去其价值;以露水冷却炎热为喻,说明一句恩言所能成就的,远胜过一件礼物。言语与礼物皆可为善,但唯有在恩慈之人身上,二者方能相得益彰。愚昧人与心怀怨尤的施舍者,反倒自毁其慷慨,因为苛刻的给予方式使受惠者目光黯然。
第 19–33 节汇集关于自省与自律的箴言。人当先学后言,先于无病之时保养身体,并于受审之前省察自身,好在眷顾之时得蒙赦免。许愿须预先准备,不可仓促而行以试探主;并当在许愿之前记念死亡、饥馑与世事的变迁。智慧体现在对卑下欲望的谨慎、对食欲的节制,以及远离那使沉溺者倾家荡产的奢华。
背景
本章以一首自成一格的颂歌(第 1–14 节)开篇,其中部分抄本所题“上帝的威严”标志着与前文论述的文体转折。随后进入第二个有标题的小节,由“行善时应有的正心”(第 15 节)引出,接着是“自省与自律的需要”(第 19 节),显示 18 章乃由颂歌与智慧汇编合成的篇章。最后数节(第 30–33 节)警戒卑下的欲望与奢华,重新回到本章结尾所着眼的实践主题。
此注释将《便西拉智训》18 章标识为补入材料,不属于 P0/P1 的优先范围,因而仅为完备起见在此提供,而非作为重点研读的经文。本章未提供交叉引用或原文数据,故无法据所提供材料展开逐词查考与明确的经文关联。
常见问题
为何《便西拉智训》18 章将人的一生比作一滴水或一粒沙?
此喻见于第 10 节,将人即便活到百岁的寿数,与永恒之日相对照,以凸显在第 1–7 节所述上帝那不可测度之作为面前,人的视角何等有限。
第 15–18 节中言语与礼物有何关系?
第 16 节以恩言比作冷却炎热的露水,认为这样的言语能超越礼物本身(第 17 节)。要点并非否定礼物的价值,而如第 18 节所示:以怨尤或辱骂的方式递送礼物,反使礼物自损其善;言语与礼物皆须出于恩慈之人。
本章为何将“许愿前的自省”与“警戒奢华”并列?
第 22–27 节劝人在许愿之前预备自己,在丰盛中记念死亡与饥馑之时,并体察世事在主面前何等速变。第 30–33 节将此同一逻辑延伸至私欲与奢华:未经思索而轻许承诺的心,与纵欲无度之心,乃同一颗心。自省与自律构成贯穿本章末段的一条伦理主线。
