圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第14章
- 1.不用嘴巴说错话、也不必为罪受苦的那人是有福的Blessed is the man who does not blunder with his lips and need not suffer grief for sin.
- 2.那不被自己的心责备、也不放弃希望的人有福了。Blessed is he whose heart does not condemn him, and who has not given up his hope.
- 3.财富不适合吝啬的人所有,财产对嫉妒的人又有什么益处?Responsible Use of Wealth Riches are not seemly for a stingy man; and of what use is property to an envious man?
- 4.凡是剥夺自己的积蓄财富,积蓄财富给别人,别人将会在他的财富中享受奢侈。Whoever accumulates by depriving himself, accumulates for others; and others will live in luxury on his goods.
- 5.如果一个人对自己吝啬,那么他还会对谁慷慨呢?他不会享受自己的财富。If a man is mean to himself, to whom will he be generous? He will not enjoy his own riches.
- 6.没有人比那个对自己吝啬的人更刻薄,这是他卑劣的报应;No one is meaner than the man who is grudging to himself, and this is the retribution for his baseness;
- 7.即使他做了好事,也是出于无意,而最终还是暴露了他的卑劣本性。even if he does good, he does it unintentionally, and betrays his baseness in the end.
- 8.恶人眯着眼,扭过头去,轻视众人。Evil is the man with a grudging eye; he averts his face and disregards people.
- 9.贪婪的人的眼睛不会满足于他所得的份,刻薄的不公正会使灵魂枯萎。A greedy man’s eye is not satisfied with a portion, and mean injustice withers the soul.
- 10.小气的人的眼睛嫉妒面包,他的桌子上也缺少食物。A stingy man’s eye begrudges bread, and it is lacking at his table.
- 11.我的儿子,你要按照自己的力量善待自己,并将配得上主的供物献给他。My son, treat yourself well, according to your means, and present worthy offerings to the Lord.
- 12.要记住死亡不会延迟,哈得斯的命令也没有向你显现。Remember that death will not delay, and the decree of Hades has not been shown to you.
- 13.在你死之前要对朋友好,并且要尽可能地伸出手帮助他。Do good to a friend before you die, and reach out and give to him as much as you can.
- 14.不要剥夺自己快乐的一天;也不要让你所期望的美好事物从你身边溜走。Do not deprive yourself of a happy day; let not your share of desired good pass by you.
- 15.你们难道不将劳碌得来的果实留给别人,所劳碌所得的要用抽签分给别人吗Will you not leave the fruit of your labors to another, and what you acquired by toil to be divided by lot?
- 16.给予、索取、欺骗自己,因为在哈德斯里是不能寻求奢华的。Give, and take, and beguile yourself, because in Hades one cannot look for luxury.
- 17.一切活物都像衣服一样变旧,因为从古以来有一个规定,“你必定要死!”All living beings become old like a garment, for the decree from of old is, “You must surely die!”
- 18.就像繁茂的树叶在不断生长的树上,树枝上有些叶子脱落,有些新叶长出来一样,血肉之躯的世代也是这样:一个死去,另一个诞生。Like flourishing leaves on a spreading tree which sheds some and puts forth others, so are the generations of flesh and blood: one dies and another is born.
- 19.一切的产品都会腐朽并消失,而制作它的人也会随着它一起消逝。Every product decays and ceases to exist, and the man who made it will pass away with it.
- 20.寻求智慧的喜乐 有智慧思想和明智思考的人是有福的The Happiness of Seeking Wisdom Blessed is the man who meditates on wisdom and who reasons intelligently.
- 21.思索她行为的人,也必思想她的奥秘。He who reflects in his mind on her ways will also ponder her secrets.
- 22.像猎人追赶猎物一样追求智慧,并在她的道路上潜伏等待。Pursue wisdom like a hunter, and lie in wait on her paths.
- 23.凡从她窗户窥探的人,也必从她门口偷听。He who peers through her windows will also listen at her doors;
- 24.他在她家旁边扎营的,也必将他的帐钉牢在她的墙上;he who encamps near her house will also fasten his tent peg to her walls;
- 25.他将在她附近支搭帐篷,且要住在极好的住处;he will pitch his tent near her, and will lodge in an excellent lodging place;
- 26.他必使他的儿女在她荫下,且在她枝下安营;he will place his children under her shelter, and will camp under her boughs;
- 27.他将在她那里避开炎热,并住在她荣耀的中心。he will be sheltered by her from the heat, and will dwell in the midst of her glory.
