圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第34章
- 1.梦想无益 没有悟性的人有空虚和虚假的希望,梦想让愚人产生幻想。Dreams Mean Nothing A man of no understanding has vain and false hopes, and dreams give wings to fools.
- 2.他如同抓住影子、追逐风一样,如此的人就是在关注梦境。As one who catches at a shadow and pursues the wind, so is he who gives heed to dreams.
- 3.梦的景象是这样对立的,面貌的相似之处是面对面的。The vision of dreams is this against that, the likeness of a face confronting a face.
- 4.从不洁之物能使什么变得洁净呢?从虚假之事能使什么变得真实呢?From an unclean thing what will be made clean? And from something false what will be true?
- 5.占卜、兆头和梦都是虚妄的,心灵就像生产的妇人一样胡思乱想。Divinations and omens and dreams are folly, and like a woman in travail the mind has fancies.
- 6.除非是由至高者派来作为巡察,否则不要将你的心思放在他们身上。Unless they are sent from the Most High as a visitation, do not give your mind to them.
- 7.梦幻曾经欺骗了许多人,许多人将希望寄托于梦幻,却最终失败。For dreams have deceived many, and those who put their hope in them have failed.
- 8.没有这样的欺骗,律法就得以成全,智慧也通过真实的嘴唇得以完美。Without such deceptions the law will be fulfilled, and wisdom is made perfect in truthful lips.
- 9.作为教师的经历 一个受过教育的人知道很多事情,而拥有丰富经验的人将以深刻的理解说话。Experience as a Teacher An educated man knows many things, and one with much experience will speak with understanding.
- 10.没有经验的人知道的很少,但旅行过的人会获得很多智慧。He that is inexperienced knows few things, but he that has traveled acquires much cleverness.
- 11.我在旅行中见过很多事,我所理解的远远超过我能够表达的。I have seen many things in my travels, and I understand more than I can express.
- 12.我多次面临死亡的危险,但都因这些经历而幸免于难。I have often been in danger of death, but have escaped because of these experiences.
- 13.敬畏上帝 敬畏上帝的人必得生命,因为他们的指望在于那位救他们的上帝。Fear the Lord The spirit of those who fear the Lord will live, for their hope is in him who saves them.
- 14.敬畏上帝的人不会胆怯,也不会临阵脱逃,因为上帝是他的希望。He who fears the Lord will not be timid, nor play the coward, for he is his hope.
- 15.敬畏上帝的人有福了!他仰望谁呢?谁是他的靠靠?Blessed is the soul of the man who fears the Lord! To whom does he look? And who is his support?
- 16.主的眼目照顾爱他的人,这是一种强大的保护和有力的支持,是避开烈日的荫庇,也是免受午日阳光的遮蔽,是防止跌倒的守护,也是免受摔倒的保护。The eyes of the Lord are upon those who love him, a mighty protection and strong support, a shelter from the hot wind and a shade from noonday sun, a guard against stumbling and a defense against falling.
- 17.他抬起灵魂,给眼睛光明,他赐予医治,生命和福气。He lifts up the soul and gives light to the eyes; he grants healing, life, and blessing.
- 18.献上不义之物的祭物是有污点的,违法之人的礼物是不蒙悦纳的Offering Sacrifices If one sacrifices from what has been wrongfully obtained, the offering is blemished; the gifts of the lawless are not acceptable.
- 19.至高者不喜悦恶人的祭物,他也不会因为许多祭祀而赦免罪恶。The Most High is not pleased with the offerings of the ungodly; and he is not propitiated for sins by a multitude of sacrifices.
- 20.像在他父亲面前杀死自己的儿子一样,剥削穷人财产来献祭的行为也是如此。Like one who kills a son before his father’s eyes is the man who offers a sacrifice from the property of the poor.
- 21.穷人所需的食物就是贫民的生命,夺去他们食物的人就是杀人凶手。The bread of the needy is the life of the poor; whoever deprives them of it is a man of blood.
- 22.夺取邻居的生计就是杀害他;不给雇员发工资就是流血。To take away a neighbor’s living is to murder him; to deprive an employee of his wages is to shed blood.
- 23.有人建造,有人拆毁,他们到底得了什么,只是劳碌而已When one builds and another tears down, what do they gain but toil?
- 24.当有人祷告而另一个人咒骂的时候,主会听从谁的声音?When one prays and another curses, to whose voice will the Lord listen?
- 25.如果一个人在摸了死尸之后洗净了自己,又再次摸死尸,他的洗净又有什么益处呢?If a man washes after touching a dead body, and touches it again, what has he gained by his washing?
- 26.如果一个人为自己的罪而禁食,却又回到旧路,重犯同样的罪孽,谁还会听他的祷告呢?他通过自卑有什么收获呢?So if a man fasts for his sins, and goes again and does the same things, who will listen to his prayer? And what has he gained by humbling himself?
