圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第40章
- 1.人类的悲惨 人类的劳苦是由上帝造就的,每个人都背负着沉重的负担,从他们出生于母亲的子宫,直到他们回到万物的母亲那里。Human Wretchedness Much labor was created for every man, and a heavy yoke is upon the sons of Adam, from the day they come forth from their mother’s womb till the day they return to the mother of all.
- 2.他们的困惑和心中的恐惧——他们焦虑的思想就是死的那一天,Their perplexities and fear of heart— their anxious thought is the day of death,
- 3.从坐在荣耀宝座上的那人到被降卑在尘土灰中的那人,from the man who sits on a splendid throne to the one who is humbled in dust and ashes,
- 4.从穿紫衣戴王冠的人到穿麻衣的人;from the man who wears purple and a crown to the one who is clothed in burlap;
- 5.有愤怒、嫉妒、扰乱、不安、以及对死亡的恐惧、愤怒和争斗。当一个人躺在床上时,他夜里的睡眠使他的心思混乱。there is anger and envy and trouble and unrest, and fear of death, and fury and strife. And when one rests upon his bed, his sleep at night confuses his mind.
- 6.他几乎得不到休息,之后在他的睡眠中,仿佛他仍然在值班,他被脑海中的幻象困扰着,像一个刚刚从战场上逃跑的士兵;He gets little or no rest, and afterward in his sleep, as though he were on watch, he is troubled by the visions of his mind like one who has escaped from the battle-front;
- 7.在他被救的时候,他醒了过来,惊奇他的恐惧竟然化为乌有。at the moment of his rescue he wakes up, and wonders that his fear came to nothing.
- 8.及于一切的血肉,于人及于牲畜,并于罪人七倍于他们,With all flesh, both man and beast, and upon sinners seven times more,
- 9.是死亡、流血、争斗、刀剑、灾祸、饥荒、困苦和瘟疫。are death and bloodshed and strife and sword, calamities, famine and affliction and plague.
- 10.这一切都是为恶人所造,并且因为他们才有了洪水。All these were created for the wicked, and on their account the flood came.
- 11.一切从地上的必归于地,凡从水中的必归于海。All things that are from the earth turn back to the earth, and what is from the waters returns to the sea.
- 12.不公正不会成功 所有的贿赂和不公正都会被抹去,但美好的信实将永远站立。Injustice Will Not Prosper All bribery and injustice will be blotted out, but good faith will stand for ever.
- 13.不义之人的财富必像暴雨的涌流而消失,必像大雨中的响雷而崩溃。The wealth of the unjust will dry up like a torrent, and crash like a loud clap of thunder in a rain.
- 14.宽容的人必得喜乐,违背道理的人必致完全衰败。A generous man will be made glad; likewise transgressors will utterly fail.
- 15.不虔之人的子孙不能长大枝子,他们是生在光秃秃的岩石上发不出根的。The children of the ungodly will not put forth many branches; they are unhealthy roots upon sheer rock.
- 16.任何水边或河岸的芦苇都会在任何草之前被拔起。The reeds by any water or river bank will be plucked up before any grass.
- 17.仁慈就像祝福的花园,施舍永远长存。Kindness is like a garden of blessings, and almsgiving endures for ever.
- 18.生命的乐趣 自立和勤劳的人,生命是甜蜜的,但发现宝藏的人比他们两个都强。The Joys of Life Life is sweet for the self-reliant and the worker, but he who finds treasure is better off than both.
- 19.子女和建城可以使人留名,但一个无可指责的妻子比这两样都更好。Children and the building of a city establish a man’s name, but a blameless wife is accounted better than both.
- 20.酒和音乐能使人心欢乐,但爱智慧胜过两者。Wine and music gladden the heart, but the love of wisdom is better than both.
- 21.笛子和琴能发出悦耳的声音,但悦耳的声音比两者都更好。The flute and the harp make pleasant melody, but a pleasant voice is better than both.
- 22.眼睛渴望恩典和美丽,但比起两者,更渴望谷物的绿芽。The eye desires grace and beauty, but the green shoots of grain more than both.
- 23.一个朋友或伴侣永远不会让人失望,但妻子与丈夫在一起比这两种关系都更好。A friend or a companion never meets one amiss, but a wife with her husband is better than both.
- 24.兄弟和帮助是为患难之时,但施舍比两者都更好。Brothers and help are for a time of trouble, but almsgiving rescues better than both.
- 25.黄金和白银能使脚步稳健,但良好的建议比两者都更宝贵。Gold and silver make the foot stand sure, but good counsel is esteemed more than both.
- 26.财富和力量能使人心高涨,但敬畏上帝比两者都更好。在敬畏上帝中没有损失,有了它也就不需要寻求帮助。Riches and strength lift up the heart, but the fear of the Lord is better than both. There is no loss in the fear of the Lord, and with it there is no need to seek for help.
- 27.敬畏耶和华好像福乐的园子,胜过任何荣耀遮盖人。The fear of the Lord is like a garden of blessing, and covers a man better than any glory.
- 28.乞讨的耻辱 我的儿子,不要过乞讨的生活,死比乞讨更好。The Disgrace of Begging My son, do not lead the life of a beggar; it is better to die than to beg.
- 29.当一个人总是盯着别人的饭桌时,他的存在就不能算是真正的生活。他用别人的食物玷污自己,但一个聪明而受过良好教育的人会避免这样做。When a man looks to the table of another, his existence cannot be considered as life. He pollutes himself with another man’s food, but a man who is intelligent and well instructed guards against that.
- 30.在无耻的人嘴里,乞求是甜蜜的,但在他的肚子里,一场火被点燃了。In the mouth of the shameless begging is sweet, but in his stomach a fire is kindled.
