圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第42章
- 1.在以下的事情上不要羞愧,也不要让偏心引导你犯罪:Of the following things do not be ashamed, and do not let partiality lead you to sin:
- 2.论至高者的律法、他的约,并施行审判、使恶人得免;of the law of the Most High and his covenant, and of rendering judgment to acquit the ungodly;
- 3.与合作伙伴或旅伴记账,以及分配友人的遗产;of keeping accounts with a partner or with traveling companions, and of dividing the inheritance of friends;
- 4.称量公平准确,赚取或多或少;of accuracy with scales and weights, and of acquiring much or little;
- 5.从商人交往中获取利益,对子女的诸多管教,以及严厉鞭打邪恶的仆人。of profit from dealing with merchants, and of much discipline of children, and of whipping a wicked servant severely.
- 6.家有恶妻,封条为好;人多手杂,物品当锁。Where there is an evil wife, a seal is a good thing; and where there are many hands, lock things up.
- 7.无论你分发什么,都要按数量和重量来分,并记录下你所有给出和收入的东西。Whatever you deal out, let it be by number and weight, and make a record of all that you give out or take in.
- 8.不要以指教愚顽之人和蠢笨之人为耻,也不要以指教那与年轻人争吵的老者为耻。这样,你就必真正得着指教,并在众人面前蒙悦纳。Do not be ashamed to instruct the stupid or foolish or the aged man who quarrels with the young. Then you will be truly instructed, and will be approved before all men.
- 9.论女儿与父亲 女儿使父亲暗中难以安眠,对她的忧虑剥夺了他的睡眠;她年幼时,父亲担忧她不能出嫁;若已出嫁,则担忧她遭丈夫厌弃;Daughters and Fathers A daughter keeps her father secretly wakeful, and worry over her robs him of sleep; when she is young, lest she do not marry, or if married, lest she be hated;
- 10.身为童女时,惟恐她在父家被玷污或怀孕;已有丈夫时,惟恐她不贞;虽已出嫁,惟恐她不能生育。while a virgin, lest she be defiled or become pregnant in her father’s house; or having a husband, lest she prove unfaithful, or, though married, lest she be barren.
- 11.严加管教任性的女儿,免得她使你在仇敌面前成为笑柄,在城中成为话柄,在众人中声名狼藉,使你在大群百姓面前蒙羞。Keep strict watch over a headstrong daughter, lest she make you a laughingstock to your enemies, a byword in the city and notorious among the people, and put you to shame before the great multitude.
- 12.不要因美貌而注视任何人,也不要坐在妇女中间;Do not look upon any one for beauty, and do not sit in the midst of women;
- 13.因为衣服中生出蛀虫,妇女中生出妇女的邪恶。for from garments comes the moth, and from a woman comes woman’s wickedness.
- 14.男人的邪恶胜过行善的女人,因为使人蒙羞耻辱的是女人。Better is the wickedness of a man than a woman who does good; and it is a woman who brings shame and disgrace.
- 15.自然界中神的作为 我现在要回想主的作为,并要述说我所看见的。主的话语成就了他的作为。The Works of God in Nature I will now call to mind the works of the Lord, and will declare what I have seen. By the words of the Lord his works are done.
- 16.太阳以光明照耀万物,主的作为彰显其荣耀。The sun looks down on everything with its light, and the work of the Lord is full of his glory.
- 17.主未曾使他的圣徒能够尽述他一切的奇妙作为,这些作为是全能的主所设立的,为要使万物在他的荣耀中得以坚立。The Lord has not enabled his holy ones to recount all his marvelous works, which the Lord the Almighty has established that the universe may stand firm in his glory.
- 18.他探察深渊,鉴察人心,审度他们诡诈的谋划。因为至高者洞悉一切可知之事,他明察时世的征兆。He searches out the abyss, and the hearts of men, and considers their crafty devices. For the Most High knows all that may be known, and he looks into the signs of the age.
- 19.他宣告已经发生的事和将要发生的事,并揭示隐秘之事的轨迹。He declares what has been and what is to be, and he reveals the tracks of hidden things.
- 20.在他面前,无一意念可逃,无一言语能隐藏。No thought escapes him, and not one word is hidden from him.
- 21.他命定了智慧的辉煌,他从亘古直到永远。无可增,无可减,他不需要任何人作他的谋士。He has ordained the splendors of his wisdom, and he is from everlasting and to everlasting. Nothing can be added or taken away, and he needs no one to be his counselor.
- 22.他的一切作为多么令人渴慕,观看时多么闪耀夺目!How greatly to be desired are all his works, and how sparkling they are to see!
- 23.这一切都活着,永存不废,为应付一切需要而预备,且都顺服。All these things live and remain for ever for every need, and are all obedient.
- 24.一切都是两两相对,一件与另一件相反,他所造的没有不齐全的。All things are twofold, one opposite the other, and he has made nothing incomplete.
- 25.这一个印证那一个的美善,谁能看够他的荣耀呢?One confirms the good things of the other, and who can have enough of beholding his glory?
