圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第46章
- 1.约书亚和迦勒 續約書亞是努的兒子,在戰爭中強大,並且是繼承摩西的先知。他按照他的名字,成為上帝選民的偉大救主,向反對他們的敵人報仇,以便給以色列人他們的產業。Joshua and Caleb Joshua the son of Nun was mighty in war, and was the successor of Moses in prophesying. He became, in accordance with his name, a great savior of God’s elect, to take vengeance on the enemies that rose against them, so that he might give Israel its inheritance.
- 2.他举手、伸剑攻击各城的时候,是何等荣耀啊!How glorious he was when he lifted his hands and stretched out his sword against the cities!
- 3.在他之前,谁曾经站立得如此坚定?因为他为上帝打仗。Who before him ever stood so firm? For he waged the wars of the Lord.
- 4.难道不是他手挡住了太阳吗?一天不成了两天吗?Was not the sun held back by his hand? And did not one day become as long as two?
- 5.他呼求至高的、全能的神,当敌人从四面围困他时,He called upon the Most High, the Mighty One, when enemies pressed him on every side,
- 6.大主回答他,用大能的冰雹石。他向那国降下战事,在伯特霍伦下山时,消灭了所有抗拒的人,这样各国便知道了他的武装,他是为主而战的,因为他完全跟随全能的主。and the great Lord answered him with hailstones of mighty power. He hurled down war upon that nation, and at the descent of Beth-hor′on he destroyed those who resisted, so that the nations might know his armament, that he was fighting in the sight of the Lord; for he wholly followed the Mighty One.
- 7.摩西在世的日子里,他和耶孚尼的儿子迦勒做了一件忠诚的事,他们抵挡众人,制止百姓不犯罪,并止息了他们的恶意谤讟。And in the days of Moses he did a loyal deed, he and Caleb the son of Jephun′neh: they withstood the congregation, restrained the people from sin, and stilled their wicked murmuring.
- 8.只有这两个人从六十万步行的人中被保留下来,带领他们进入应许之地,那是一个流奶与蜜的土地。And these two alone were preserved out of six hundred thousand people on foot, to bring them into their inheritance, into a land flowing with milk and honey.
- 9.耶和华使迦勒有力量,直到老年仍然有力,他就上到山地,为他子孙得了那地为业;And the Lord gave Caleb strength, which remained with him to old age, so that he went up to the hill country, and his children obtained it for an inheritance;
- 10.使以色列众人都可以看见跟随耶和华是好的。so that all the sons of Israel might see that it is good to follow the Lord.
- 11.士师记 士师们,他们有各自的名字,那些不陷入偶像崇拜、不背离上帝的人——愿他们的记忆被祝福!The Judges The judges also, with their respective names, those whose hearts did not fall into idolatry and who did not turn away from the Lord— may their memory be blessed!
- 12.愿他们的骨头从所躺的地方复苏,并愿那些蒙受尊敬的人的名字在他们的儿子中再次活跃起来!May their bones revive from where they lie, and may the name of those who have been honored live again in their sons!
- 13.撒母耳为主所爱,是主的先知,他建立了国度,并为他的子民膏立了君王。Samuel, beloved by his Lord, a prophet of the Lord, established the kingdom and anointed rulers over his people.
- 14.耶和华的律法使他判断以色列众人,耶和华也看顾雅各。By the law of the Lord he judged the congregation, and the Lord watched over Jacob.
- 15.他因信实被证明为先知,因言语被认作忠信的先见。By his faithfulness he was proved to be a prophet, and by his words he became known as a trustworthy seer.
- 16.他呼求万军之耶和华,当他的敌人从四面围攻他的时候,他献上一只乳羔作为祭物。He called upon the Lord, the Mighty One, when his enemies pressed him on every side, and he offered in sacrifice a sucking lamb.
- 17.于是,耶和华从天上发出雷声,用大能的声音使人听见;Then the Lord thundered from heaven, and made his voice heard with a mighty sound;
- 18.他剪除了泰尔人民的首领和所有的非利士人的官长。and he wiped out the leaders of the people of Tyre and all the rulers of the Philistines.
- 19.在他长眠之前,撒母耳召集众人在耶和华和他的受膏者面前作见证说:“我没有拿过任何人的东西,连一双鞋子都不曾拿。”没有一个人控告他。Before the time of his eternal sleep, Samuel called men to witness before the Lord and his anointed: “I have not taken any one’s property, not so much as a pair of shoes.” And no man accused him.
- 20.即使在他睡着之后,他仍然说预言,向王揭示他的死亡,并从大地上高声说预言,来除掉百姓的邪恶。Even after he had fallen asleep he prophesied and revealed to the king his death, and lifted up his voice out of the earth in prophecy, to blot out the wickedness of the people.
