圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第32章
- 1.宴席上的礼仪 若使你作宴席的主人,不要自高,要与他们同为一体,好好地侍奉他们,然后才可以坐下;Etiquette at a Banquet If they make you master of the feast, do not exalt yourself; be among them as one of them; take good care of them and then be seated;
- 2.当你完成了你的职责时,就到你应有的位置上去,这样你就可以因为他们而欢乐,并因为你出色的领导才能而获得荣冠。when you have fulfilled your duties, take your place, that you may be merry on their account and receive a wreath for your excellent leadership.
- 3.你们年长的人应该说话,这是合适的,但要以正确的知识来说,并不要扰乱音乐。Speak, you who are older, for it is fitting that you should, but with accurate knowledge, and do not interrupt the music.
- 4.娱乐的时候不要滔滔不绝,不要在不适当的时候表现出你的聪明。Where there is entertainment, do not pour out talk; do not display your cleverness out of season.
- 5.红宝石镶在金子的镶嵌中,宛如美酒宴会上的音乐会。A ruby seal in a setting of gold is a concert of music at a banquet of wine.
- 6.翡翠的印章镶嵌在黄金的华丽装饰中,是音乐和美酒的和谐旋律。A seal of emerald in a rich setting of gold is the melody of music with good wine.
- 7.年轻人,如果需要你的话就发言,但不要超过两次,而且必须是被问及时才可以。Speak, young man, if there is need of you, but no more than twice, and only if asked.
- 8.简洁言辞,少言多义;如同明智的人,虽知而默然。Speak concisely, say much in few words; be as one who knows and yet holds his tongue.
- 9.在有地位的人面前不要自以为是他们的对等者;当别人说话时不要胡言乱语。Among the great do not act as their equal; and when another is speaking, do not babble.
- 10.闪电在雷声之前,谦逊的人在赞同之前。Lightning speeds before the thunder, and approval precedes a modest man.
- 11.及时离开,不要最后才走,赶快回家,不要逗留。Leave in good time and do not be the last; go home quickly and do not linger.
- 12.在那里娱乐自己,做你心中所想的,但不要通过骄傲的言语而犯罪。Amuse yourself there, and do what you have in mind, but do not sin through proud speech.
- 13.为这些事物赞美造你的主,并用他美好的恩赐使你满足。And for these things bless him who made you and satisfies you with his good gifts.
- 14.上帝的眷顾 怕上主的必承受他的训诫,清早寻求他的人必蒙恩惠。The Providence of God He who fears the Lord will accept his discipline, and those who rise early to seek him will find favor.
- 15.寻求律法的人必得满足,但虚伪的人必在律法上跌倒。He who seeks the law will be filled with it, but the hypocrite will stumble at it.
- 16.敬畏上帝的人必然会形成正确的判断,并且他们会像光一样激发正义的行为。Those who fear the Lord will form true judgments, and like a light they will kindle righteous deeds.
- 17.有罪的人会避开责备,并会找到一个符合他心意的决定。A sinful man will shun reproof, and will find a decision according to his liking.
- 18.有辨别力的人不会忽视一个想法,傲慢自大的人也不会在恐惧中退缩。A man of judgment will not overlook an idea, and an insolent and proud man will not cower in fear.
- 19.三思而后行,行后不悔Do nothing without deliberation; and when you have acted, do not regret it.
- 20.不要走满是危险的道路,也不要在岩石地上跌倒。Do not go on a path full of hazards, and do not stumble over stony ground.
- 21.不要在平坦的大路上过于自满,Do not be overconfident on a smooth way,
- 22.并要留意你的道路and give good heed to your paths.
- 23.在每一件事情上守住自己,因为这是守诫命的方式。Guard yourself in every act, for this is the keeping of the commandments.
- 24.信守律法的人必遵守诫命,信靠耶和华的人必不受损失。He who believes the law gives heed to the commandments, and he who trusts the Lord will not suffer loss.
