圣经导读
德训篇导读
共 51 章 · Sirach
敬畏上主是智慧的开端,人当以信德遵行律法、在日常生活的考验中寻求敬畏与智慧的合一。
德训篇
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为什么写这卷书
在公元前二世纪犹太民族受希腊文化冲击之际,便西拉智者在耶路撒冷教导门徒,以敬畏上主与遵守祖先律法为根基,汇集历代智慧教训,帮助读者在家庭、职业、伦理与宗教实践中辨识何为真正的智慧,以抵挡世俗诱惑、维系托拉生活。
段落结构
- 1–4智慧的总纲与起源
- 5–14敬畏上主与日常伦理
- 15–23神的主权、拣选与人的责任
- 24–32智慧颂赞与敬虔实践
- 33–43天主的造化、圣祖历史与列祖赞颂
- 44–51列祖赞颂续篇与全书总结
主要主题
敬畏上主是智慧的开端
德训篇反复强调,真正的智慧并非来自世俗学问,而是源于对天主的敬畏与遵行诫命(德1:1-20, 19:20)。敬畏上主使人远离罪恶,赐人生命的荣耀与平安。
家庭、婚姻与友谊中的伦理
作者详述夫妻、亲子、主仆之间的责任与德行(德3:1-16, 7:18-36, 25:1-26:18, 30:1-13, 40:1-11),并论及择友之道(德6:5-17, 22:19-26:28, 37:1-6),强调忠信、谦逊与彼此相爱。
对贫穷、财富与公义的态度
德训篇警告富有的危险,劝勉怜悯穷人,斥责不义的压迫(德4:1-10, 13:1-14, 29:1-20, 31:1-11)。财富本身并非邪恶,但须以正义与怜悯之心使用,否则将带来毁灭。
言语与行为的节制
作者多次论及言语的力量,劝人慎言、多闻、勿妄断(德5:1-15, 19:4-17, 20:1-31, 23:7-15, 28:1-26),并强调谦卑、忍耐与自持的美德。
天主的主权、护理与历史救恩
德训篇肯定天主对万有的主宰与护理(德11:1-28, 16:24-18:14, 33:7-15, 39:12-35, 42:15-43:33),并在第44-50章颂赞祖先列祖的德行与历史救恩,显示天主在历史中的信实。
与基督的关联
德训篇虽未直接提及默西亚,但其所彰显的智慧最终指向基督——天主的永恒智慧,道成肉身的圣言(参照德24章智慧诗与若1:1-18、哥1:15-20)。书中预表智慧住在以色列中,设立帐幕于雅各伯家(德24:8-12),为基督在降孕奥迹中居住于童贞玛利亚内的预像。义人受苦但终得荣耀的主题(德2:1-18, 44-50章),亦预示基督的苦难与复活。智慧之子耶稣基督承行父旨、教训众人怜悯与公义,正是德训篇所渴求的完美智慧化身。
关键经文
德训篇的灵修
默想问题
- ·德训篇强调'敬畏上主是智慧的开端'(德1:14),在今日的生活中,我如何具体地活出这份敬畏?
- ·面对贫穷与不义的议题(德4:1-10, 13:1-14),我是否愿意慷慨分享我的时间与资源,效法天主的公义与怜悯?
- ·德训篇对言语的警示(德5, 19, 28章)提醒我:我的言语是建立还是拆毁?是否常在说话前先静默祈祷?
- ·德训篇中的父亲训诲与对家庭的重视(德3章)如何挑战我今日在家庭中履行爱与责任?
- ·德训篇中描绘的'智慧'(德24章)如何在基督身上得到完全的彰显?我如何让基督的智慧更深地居住在我内?
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开始读德训篇德训篇
第35章
- 1.守律法的人多行祭祀,遵守诫命的人献上感恩祭。The Law and Sacrifices He who keeps the law makes many offerings; he who heeds the commandments sacrifices a peace offering.
- 2.报恩的是献上细面,施舍的是献上感恩祭。He who returns a kindness offers fine flour, and he who gives alms sacrifices a thank offering.
- 3.远离邪恶是主所喜悦的,离开不义就是赎罪。To keep from wickedness is pleasing to the Lord, and to forsake unrighteousness is atonement.
- 4.不可空手在耶和华面前出现,Do not appear before the Lord empty-handed,
- 5.所有这些事情都是因为命令而要这样做的。for all these things are to be done because of the commandment.
- 6.义人的祭物使坛得膏,其香气上达至高者面前The offering of a righteous man anoints the altar, and its pleasing odor rises before the Most High.
- 7.义人的祭物是可悦纳的,记念他的日子也不被忘记。The sacrifice of a righteous man is acceptable, and the memory of it will not be forgotten.
- 8.广广地荣耀主,不要吝惜你手中的初熟之果Glorify the Lord generously, and do not stint the first fruits of your hands.
- 9.凡事献给神的物件,都要带着欢喜的脸面,并且要以喜乐的心献上十分之一。With every gift show a cheerful face, and dedicate your tithe with gladness.
- 10.将你们所能给的献给至高者,就像他给你们的一样,也要像你们的手所能做到的那样慷慨。Give to the Most High as he has given, and as generously as your hand has found.
- 11.因为主是那位报答的人,他必将七倍的报答给你。For the Lord is the one who repays, and he will repay you sevenfold.
- 12.神圣的公义 不要向他献上贿赂,因为他不会接受;也不要依靠不公义的祭祀,因为主是审判者,祂不偏不倚。Divine Justice Do not offer him a bribe, for he will not accept it; and do not trust to an unrighteous sacrifice; for the Lord is the judge, and with him is no partiality.
- 13.他不偏袒穷人,也必垂听受欺压之人的祷告。He will not show partiality in the case of a poor man; and he will listen to the prayer of one who is wronged.
- 14.他不会忽视孤儿的祈求,也不会忽视寡妇倾诉衷情时的哀求。He will not ignore the supplication of the fatherless, nor the widow when she pours out her story.
- 15.寡妇的眼泪不是从她的脸上流下,当她哭喊对抗使她落泪的人吗?Do not the tears of the widow run down her cheek as she cries out against him who has caused them to fall?
- 16.凡是得主喜悦的人,他的服务就必蒙悦纳,他的祷告必达到云霄。He whose service is pleasing to the Lord will be accepted, and his prayer will reach to the clouds.
- 17.谦卑的人的祷告穿透云层,他不会安慰直到达到主那里,他不会停止直到至高者访问他,为义人伸张正义并执行判断。The prayer of the humble pierces the clouds, and he will not be consoled until it reaches the Lord; he will not desist until the Most High visits him, and does justice for the righteous, and executes judgment.
- 18.主不会延迟,也不会对他们有耐心,直到他打破不怜悯人的腰部,并向列国报复;直到他除掉骄傲人的众多,折断不义人的杖;And the Lord will not delay, neither will he be patient with them, till he crushes the loins of the unmerciful and repays vengeance on the nations; till he takes away the multitude of the insolent, and breaks the scepters of the unrighteous;
- 19.直到他按着各人所行的报应各人,并按着各人所经营的赏赐各人,直到他为他的百姓伸冤,施行慈爱使他们欢喜。till he repays man according to his deeds, and the works of men according to their devices; till he judges the case of his people and makes them rejoice in his mercy.
- 20.怜悯之时,他对他们的责罚就像干旱之时的甘霖一样受欢迎。Mercy is as welcome when he afflicts them as clouds of rain in the time of drought.
